Tian Zhi, the land of both capital and capital, has been a gathering of wise men and women since ancient times. Starting from this issue, "Mo Yuan" launched the column "Tian Zhi Mo Cun", aiming at detailing the style of modern and ancient books in Beijing. From the perspective of calligraphy history in a strict sense, the beginning of regional calligraphy style in Beijing began with "Yan calligraphy". As one of the six ancient capitals of China, Beijing has a history of more than 800 years. If defined by three elements: time, space and people, the regional book style in Beijing mainly includes: areas that belonged to Beijing in history and then changed; Areas that did not belong to Beijing in history but are now included; Born in Beijing and always in Beijing, or active in other provinces and regions; Not born in Beijing, but mainly engaged in artistic creation activities in Beijing. It also includes many universities, cultural research institutions and major museums in Beijing, and even cultural relics such as "imperial academy", handwritten plaques and titles of various books, all of which belong to this category. "Tian Zhi Mo Cun" is based on introducing representative figures, taking time as the order, not only paying attention to professionalism, but also trying to be popular, and sharing the interest with you.
When it comes to the state of Yan, a typical scene immediately comes to mind-Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin. "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man will never return." Since ancient times, there have been many righteous people in Yan and Zhao, and there is a generous wind.
Yan State in the usual sense refers to the vassal state sealed by Zhao Gong in the early Zhou Dynasty. In 1046 BC, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the business. Ji Shi, his brother, was appointed to Yan’s land for Yan Zhaogong. Yan’s fiefs are in northern Hebei, Beijing and western Liaoning, and its capital is Ji. Everything is done in Han Fei Zi You Du records that King Yanxiang "takes thistle as his country". The capital of Yan was Ji, until Qin took Ji and destroyed Yan, which was called Yan Shangdu by later generations. According to Shui Jing Zhu and other records, Jicheng is in the northwest of the outer city of Beijing today. Today, the ancient city of Dong Jialin, Liulihe River in Fangshan District, Beijing, and a large number of nearby sites and cemeteries confirm that the capital of Yan State, the surname of Ji, was the ancient city.
In 690 BC, Yan Zhuanggong was called "Gong". In 323 BC, Yan participated in the activity of "King of Five Countries" initiated by Gongsun Yan, and King Yi of Yan became king. In this way, Yan was originally a state of marquis, later became a principality, and finally became a kingdom, which was one of the seven heroes of the Warring States. At its peak, Le Yi, the general of Yan State, captured seventy cities of Qi State. The last monarch of Yan was Yan Wangxi, who was destroyed by Qin in 222 BC. Yan Wangxi’s son, the famous Taizi Dan, sought revenge from Jing Ke for stabbing Qin.
In fact, before Zhou Yanguo, there was Shang Yanguo. One of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor was named Bo Shu, who was sealed in Yan (now northeast of Yanjin County, Henan Province) in Shang Dynasty and established Yan State. To distinguish it from the Yan State of Ji Di, it is called Southern Yan.
Shang Yan-guo was born out of her surname, and Zhou Yan-guo was born out of her surname. The descendants who called Yan surname mostly came from these two branches. Xianbei people once established the Yan State, so the descendants of Xianbei people also have Yan surnames. Yan Di, Yan Guo, Yan surname, pronounced the first level tone.
Today, there are Yanshan Mountains in Hebei Plain, named Great Yanshan Mountain. There is Little Yanshan Mountain in Fangshan District, Beijing, which was named in Shang Dynasty. Yanshan Mountain and Yan State get their country names because of the mountains and mountain names because of the countries.
During the Warring States Period, countries called the writing brush different. Wu called it "irregular", Chu called it "Yu", Yan called it "stroke" and Qin called it "pen". After Qin Shihuang unified China, he ordered General Meng Tian to unify stationery and promote it, and named it "Pen". The so-called "Yan calligraphy" mainly includes ritual (soldier) calligraphy, coin calligraphy, Wen Tao calligraphy and ancient seal.
There are not many inscriptions on the sacrificial vessels of Yan State. The word "Yan" in the inscription is commonly written as "Pin", such as "Pin Gong Zha" and "Pin Hou Zai Gui" (Figure 1). The word "Yan" was written by Oracle Bone Inscriptions and interpreted by Mr. Dong Zuobin as the word "Yan", that is, the word "Yan" of the later Yan State.
He said in the article "On the Broom and Spear": "Yan is a country, that is, a country. Oracle inscriptions have the language of’ Yan Lai’, which is known as the name of the nation. " Most of the weapons were made by the prince of Yan, and the inscriptions were distinctive. By chiseling, the linear strength was quite short and straight, the glyph structure was neat and simple, and sometimes there was a small triangular structure. Through the change of density and straightness, it created a stable.
Fixed and ethereal interior space. Weapons are divided into spear, sword, chisel, saw, chisel, etc., and the casting official department "right attack Yin" and so on. A weapon is preceded by different nouns, such as "Xing Yi", "Gong Cui" and "Ju You".
During the Warring States period, the currency characters were all in Yangwen, and the representative ones were cloth coins, knife coins and money. Cloth coins are popular in Zhao, Wei, Korea and other countries; Knife currency is the main currency in Qi, Yan and Zhongshan. Eastern Zhou, Wei, Qin and other countries passed money. Qin unified the six countries and eventually unified the currency form. Ming Dao (Figure 2) of Yan State has been used for a long time, with a large number and the widest circulation range.
Most of the pottery documents of Yan State originated from the site of Yanxiadu in Yixian County, Hebei Province. It has artistic value and considerable historical value. Take a few examples as evidence:
In pottery, there is a common category of "attacking (pottery) and (work)", and the printed surface is long. All the names under "attack (work)" are craftsmen’s names or workers’ names, such as attack (work) cows with "pottery" (the word "attack" is reversed) (Figure 3). There is a string pattern on the utensil, but unfortunately it has been broken into two pieces. Shuowen explained: "Hey, the rice utensils are also awkward, from the sound. Basket or bamboo, look at Shan Jian and read the basket. " Literators Gao Ming and Tang Yuhui interpreted "嗮嗮" as "Kuang". Pottery official offices in the pottery works of Yan State are often divided into left and right sides, such as "right tapping (pottery) to attack (work) ugliness" (Figure 5), and sometimes it is called "work" or "tapping". Yan Taowen often uses "attack" as "work" and "bang" as "snap".
The common words "Zuo Gong Mou" and "Qi (Tao) Attacking (Gong Mou)" are mostly square inscriptions, which are another type of official pottery seal in Yan State. The size is the same, and the basic format of the inscription is "Left Palace/Right Palace+Name". This kind of Wen Tao, where the shape of the device can be checked, is basically the mark on the tube tile, the board tile and the tile, which shows that the left palace and the right palace are the institutions that make building materials tiles and the units that use them. The names in this kind of pottery are gong Guan or gong Shi, who is responsible for making palace tiles for building the palace. For example, the "Right Palace Array" (Figure 6) is a remnant of the tile cylinder of the Yan State building, which is made of coarse pottery. Some experts know the word "array" from "car", or from "two cars" and "fu". Right Palace should be the institution responsible for the construction of Yan Palace. The word "right" is rather childish, and the word "palace" is in the shape of an inverted triangle, and the three characters are white as a zigzag, with a muddy composition and stretched lines, which is a representative work in the ancient seal. There are also famous products such as "Left Palace Defeat" and "Right Palace Decline".
According to reports, in 1957, a layer of Warring States culture with a thickness of more than 1 meter was found outside Guang ‘anmen, Beijing, and thick and thin rope-patterned pottery pieces, broken rope-patterned brick and tile pieces and residual gluttonous tiles were unearthed. In 1972, the Ming Dao of Yan currency was unearthed in Hanjiatan, the outer city of Beijing, and at the same time, a gluttonous tile was found, which was dedicated to high-grade buildings, indicating that there were palace buildings in the Warring States period. In addition, from Huichengmen Village to Xuanwumen Huokou, there are 151 dense pottery wells, and some pottery wells or pottery pots unearthed in the wells have typical Wen Tao of Yan State, which provides a thread element for exploring thistles and also shows the outstanding achievements of "Yan calligraphy".
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