They created a desert and called it peace-Tacitus.
1 Vietnam manicure
In 1975, Hollywood sexy actress Beatty Hedley went to a Vietnamese refugee camp in northern California with a tailor and typist, thinking of teaching people to fish and teaching some survival skills to female refugees.
However, it seems that the refugees gathered around are not interested in "low-end" technologies such as tailoring and typing, but instead praise her slender and shiny nails. The reason is that although these people are called refugees, they used to be official wives or entrepreneurs in Vietnam.
Hadley was surprised, but her reaction was quick, and she thought it would be better to give up tailoring and typing and teach manicure skills instead. She immediately called a private manicurist to teach on the spot and recruited 20 apprentices on the spot. Seeing that these women really liked it, she later found a beauty school nearby to provide long-term training. A few years later, the students graduated, and the enthusiastic Hadley helped to find a counterpart job.
Hitchcock, Hadley and Vietnamese manicurists
It’s really great. But no one expected at that time that this small act of kindness would detonate the nail industry in Vietnam.
The earliest refugee manicurists became "seed incubators", bringing out groups of Vietnamese villagers. After more than 40 years, countless Vietnamese drifting overseas entered the nail shop of their hometown and completely subverted and monopolized the industry.
Today, 51% manicurists in the United States are Vietnamese, and in California, more than 80%. In the 1970s, an ordinary manicure set cost 70 dollars, which ordinary people could not afford, but a large number of Vietnamese manicurists joined. Now a basic manicure service costs only 20 dollars. Not only in the United States, but also in many world metropolises such as London, Rotterdam and Kuala Lumpur, the nail industry in Vietnam is monopolized.
Not long ago, in the "container smuggling case" in Britain, 39 Vietnamese illegal immigrants froze to death in cold containers. The media reported that several of the deceased who were publicly identified all went to work in a nail salon in London. It’s not difficult to find a job as a manicurist in London as long as you successfully sneak in, because Vietnamese villagers monopolize the nail shop here.
Because of her contribution to the nail industry, many Vietnamese refugees regard Heidi as a goddess of mercy, and just need to give her a statue. She joked, "If only I could get some money from it, I wouldn’t have to worry about raising money to raise my tigers and lions." (She runs an animal protection park) But for Vietnamese, Hedley’s contribution is far from being measured by money, but is related to the fate of a country and the blood and tears of the nation.
2 boat people
Vietnam, like China, is a socialist country. It was only after the end of the US-Vietnam War in 1975 that it was unified and independent. But just after winning reunification, the government tried to imitate the Soviet model, nationalized private property, and drove away business owners, making people unhappy.
In 1980, the cultivated farmland was 100,000 hectares less than that in 1978, and the grain produced was 7 million tons less than expected. The famine spread all over the country. In order to avoid natural and man-made disasters, a total of 1.43 million people fled Vietnam in the 1970s and 1980s, which is the Vietnamese boat people who shocked the world.。
Vietnamese boat people
The women Heidi helped were probably the first refugees to retreat with the US military, and most of them were government officials and business owners who helped the US military in those years and were afraid of being liquidated. It is worth mentioning that more than 70% of the business owners who fled later are Chinese. On the one hand, because Vietnamese Chinese do more business and run enterprises, on the other hand, because China broke up with the Soviet Union at that time, and at the same time got in love with the United States through ping-pong diplomacy, Vietnam, as the younger brother, was a little confused, felt deeply betrayed, and anti-China sentiment soared.
At that time, China was sent out from the ideological quagmire, ready to devote itself to construction. Vietnam, which just won reunification with the help of the big brother of socialism, didn’t know this. Later, in 1979, it got into a fight with China, which made it even more annoying. Because of the South China Sea dispute, historical disputes, national education and other factors, anti-China sentiment in Vietnam has been quite serious until today.
Dennis Chun, a Cantonese, is one of the persecuted Chinese. In the mid-1970s, Mr. Chen spent a lot of money to buy off relationships, took his Vietnamese wife and mother, boarded a refugee ship to Hong Kong, and started his flight from there.
However, Mr. Chen was shocked by the situation before the ship was set sail. He found that many families with many children did not choose to take a boat together, but put their children on different boats. After asking, I realized that this was to prevent the family from being destroyed in the Lu Yu disaster. Mr. Chen has no children yet, and his family shares life and death, so he sighs.
Refugee ships are generally narrow and crowded. In order to make more money, snakeheads will continue to jam people. Originally, they were allowed to carry 30 people, and in the end they may be crowded with more than 100 people. In addition, the journey is as long as 6-7 weeks, the crowded cabin is full of vomit, feces and garbage, and because of the general lack of water and food, many people drink urine to quench their thirst, or can’t help drinking seawater, or die of hunger and thirst. There are also Thai pirates who haunt at any time. According to statistics, 65% of refugee boats have been robbed. Finally, there are ruthless storms that may upset the whole fishing boat.
Nearly 200,000 people died on the road in the whole refugee tide. So you can understand why refugees deliberately separate their own flesh and blood from each other by boat.
Capsized refugee boat
This is just a risk on the road. Before they boarded the ship, they actually suffered a crime.
Generally speaking, refugees need to pay two sums of money before they can board the ship, one for local officials and the other for the snakehead. At that time, UNHCR really couldn’t stand it, and discussed with the Vietnamese government to ask for the voluntary release of refugees. The Vietnamese government said yes, but if you want to leave, you must first pay an exit fee, about 1000-1300 dollars or 12 ounces of gold, and at the same time sign an application for "automatic production donation". The property and real estate that you can’t take with you must be automatically turned over. Therefore, the government encourages Chinese to leave because it can get a lot of money. Statistics show that in 1978, the Vietnamese government collected 6.5 million dollars from Chinese refugees, equivalent to one year’s foreign trade income.
So, is everything all right at the destination? Of course it’s not that cheap.
Most boat people are willing to go to Europe and America. But it is impossible for such a small ship to drift directly to Europe and America, so it usually arrives at a transit station first, such as Hong Kong, which is called the "first asylum port". In the early days, most of the refugees who arrived here had the opportunity to be sent to Europe and the United States. However, due to the increasing number of refugees, it was necessary to "interview" and select only 50-70 people from 1,000 people, and the rest were either repatriated or exiled elsewhere.
Mr. Chen was a refugee who fled to Hong Kong earlier, stayed for a short time, and soon came to the United States and obtained legal status. The family lived in the refugee area for a while, but instead of studying manicure, they took out their savings for many years and opened a Chinese restaurant called "Asian flavor" in a food street in Boston.
This shop is a lifesaver, of course, it can’t be opened, so the couple took their lives to open the shop and worked for more than 18 hours a day, so they were too tired to talk. A few years later, when life was a little more stable, I had my first child named Priscilla Chen.
The couple didn’t have time to take care of their children, and Priscilla was basically brought up by her grandmother who spoke Chinese. Grandma doesn’t know a few words, but she is kind-hearted and kind-hearted, and takes care of her children very well. For children, the couple don’t want to talk more about their past sufferings. They always look forward and have only one requirement: study hard to change their destiny.
Priscilla also lived up to expectations. A typical China scholar, she was admitted to Harvard in her teens, won the science and technology challenge championship and the environmental research award in middle school, and was voted as "Class Genius" by her classmates., the result is always the first in the class. In 2003, the little girl lived up to expectations and successfully passed Harvard.
Grade genius
In college, Priscilla is still a schoolmaster. One year, a mischievous poor American student in the school built a website that could intercept classmates’ information and was severely punished by the school. This buddy thought he was going to be fired, so he had a small party to say goodbye to his classmates, and Xiao Chen was invited. At the door waiting to go to the bathroom, the poor American student told her a cold joke about C++ programming code with a beer, and then stupidly asked, "I’m going to be kicked out in three days, so let’s hurry up and date?"
At Harvard, no girl likes the boy who calls himself a "coded monkey", and Priscilla agrees. Later, the boy built a website called Facebook, and his name was on the rich list, called Zuckerberg.
300 years of dreams
Priscilla and her family are the best examples of the American dream.
However, a closer look at history shows that in the past century, the United States has also caused the deepest harm to Vietnam. After 10 years of Vietnam War, 3 million Vietnamese died, leaving only a scorched earth. Therefore, for Vietnamese, the fist-waving American emperor is a dream, but also a nightmare.
From January to June, 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 representatives of the "victors" of World War I gathered at Versailles. Woodrow Wilson, the president of the United States, with a horse face, a tall hat and a windbreaker, is the Dance Queen of this party. He is in high spirits with the "fourteen-point peace principle" that commands the world. This principle put forward the establishment of an international alliance, which enabled him to win the Nobel Peace Prize that year. Because he advocated national self-determination, he was regarded as a "savior" by small colonial countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, including the French colony of Vietnam.
Although a large number of representatives of small countries did not have the right to participate in the meeting, they still came to Paris to see the "savior" style, and at the same time delivered petitions in succession, expecting him to even mention his country’s name. One of the representatives of this crowded small country is a Vietnamese who calls himself Ruan patriotic.
Ruan Aiguo specially rented a set of morning coat to meet his idol and dressed up beautifully. In his hand, he is holding a petition entitled "The Demands of the Vietnamese People", which he and his compatriots have been holding up all night. Each article has been revised repeatedly, covering all their best expectations for the motherland: freedom of the press, freedom of thought, freedom of association and the right to national self-determination …
Unfortunately, despite his efforts, the emaciated Ruan Aiguo never got in touch with Wilson himself. In front of the residence of the American delegation, American Colonel House stopped him, politely accepted the petition, and then said, "Mr. President will carefully examine your request." This is, of course, a pleasantry to send people away. He says this to everyone. Wilson didn’t read the petition and didn’t even know it existed.
In fact, what if I have seen it? The rapidly rising United States is just the object of many weak countries. Wilson’s "national self-determination" only considers European countries. As for colonial independence, according to him, it can’t be achieved overnight and needs to be realized under the supervision of "civilized" regimes.
The so-called "fourteen-point peace principle" also cheats the judges of the Nobel Peace Prize. Isn’t China, who will be humiliated here, the best example? Attended the meeting as a "victorious country" and failed to return to Qingdao from Germany. Instead, the powers handed Qingdao over to Japan. Vietnam is not a "victorious country" and even has no qualification to participate in the conference. Isn’t it more wishful thinking to get sympathy from the great powers?
Ruan patriotic, after all, is young. After waiting for a long time, he can only publish the petition in the newspaper. No big powers gave a damn about him, but it attracted the French secret police to pursue him crazily. However, he and his compatriots did not give up and continued to dream of letting Americans "pull a hand."
During World War II, among the western powers, France was the most miserable. The native land was occupied by Hitler, and the colonies in Asia were occupied by Japan. At the end of World War II, the Japanese were driven back to their hometown by the United States. Vietnam, once a French colony, did not know where to go. Charles de Gaulle, the first smelly fart man in the universe, took it for granted that Vietnam should be returned to France and honestly colonized. However, with the help of China, Ruan’s patriots and compatriots at this time have established a political party for independence. Of course, 10,000 people refused.
Roosevelt, then president of the United States, advocated the abolition of the old colonial policy, although he did not want to offend the British and French allies clearly. He said an irrefutable reason: "It is unbelievable that we are fighting against fascist slavery without liberating people all over the world who have suffered from colonial rule."
In 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill jointly issued the Atlantic Charter, one of which said: "All ethnic groups have the right to choose the form of government they want." Although Churchill, like Charles de Gaulle, was unwilling, he had to admit it because of the need of alliance.
Ruan patriots came to a climax again and decided that Roosevelt was an American "savior" again. Comrade Ruan Aiguo was particularly excited, thinking that Vietnam would be saved as long as he continued to kneel.
In 1945, he sent a message to the Americans he knew, hoping to meet his idol, claire chennault, the founder of the US Flying Tigers. After many contacts, he really met himself in Kunming, China. The two of them had a good talk, and they blew loudly. Ruan Aiguo squeezed out a small fan worship expression: "Can the general send me an autographed photo?"
In the same year, Archimedes L. Patty, an official from office of strategic services, came to Hanoi to deal with the American prisoners left by the Japanese army. Ruan Aiguo felt it necessary to recreate a rainbow fart, so he specially arranged a welcoming ceremony similar to a military parade and invited the band to play home of the brave, which made Patty feel embarrassed. Later, the two shared fish soup, stewed chicken and pork, and talked until late at night. Among them, the most unforgettable thing for Patty is that Ruan Aiguo asked him to make suggestions for the future declaration of Vietnam’s independence and told him that the first few words of the current draft were from the American Declaration of Independence.
Kneeling pattern, quite in place. Patty can’t make decisions, but when she reported the situation to her superiors many times, she stood on the Vietnamese side and opposed the French’s return to the colony.
While Japan was rolling out, the large-scale French army had not yet arrived. In September 1945, in the central square of ha noi, Ruan Aiguo led the Viet Cong and announced to hundreds of thousands of people that Vietnam was officially independent. Since then, the Vietnamese have remembered this emaciated man and also remembered his other name: Ho Chi Minh.
Independent congress
But people are not as good as heaven. Although old Hu Caihong farted first-class, he never imagined that Roosevelt, the "savior", would die of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945. Truman, the successor and clothing store owner, was not interested in colonial independence at all.
While Ho Chi Minh praised Patty, Charles de Gaulle personally went to the United States to kiss Truman’s ass, and the effect was even better. After Patty left, Khufu sent messages to the White House many times, but all of them sank into the sea. He didn’t know that Truman had already agreed to Charles de Gaulle’s request: he didn’t object to France’s recovery of Vietnam.
History is sometimes so dramatic. Imagine that if Roosevelt died a few years later, there might be no subsequent Vietnam-France and Vietnam-America wars, and millions of lives would not be wiped out.
Go wandering alone
The most important reason for Truman’s French colonial policy was that he was told that Ho Chi Minh had a "communist face". Since he joined the French Socialist Party when he was young, he went to the Soviet Union for training, and then went to Hong Kong to establish the Viet Cong. Khufu is really a veteran communist, which is hard for him to wash away, but for Khufu, his face is really beyond his control.
In 1890, Ho Chi Minh was born in a poor small mountain village in Huangchou Township, Nantan County, Yi ‘an Province, northern Vietnam.
His father, Ruan Sheng30, was a former Jinshi. At first, he taught in the village. Later, the authorities repeatedly persuaded him to become a governor in Pingxi County, Pingding Province.However, the old gentleman was born with a hard bone. He couldn’t stand the intrigue of the officialdom and couldn’t stand the oppression of the French colonists. He resigned and went to practice medicine. Before leaving, he didn’t forget to be angry: "Today’s officialdom is a slave among slaves."
His father’s pride deeply infected Ho Chi Minh. At the age of 10, his father changed his name to Ruan Bicheng, fed him chicken soup for modern success, and told him, "The imperial examination is useless, and my children don’t want this thing." Therefore, although he grew up immersed in China’s traditional culture, he was familiar with Confucian classics such as The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, but he did not follow suit. He always had a unique understanding of everything.
In 1910, at the age of 20, Ho Chi Minh taught primary school students in a youth school in the south. Later, he met a teacher surnamed Li in Saigon. One day Ho Chi Minh said to him, "Ali, I want to visit France and other countries. Would you like to go with me?" Ali nodded and said of course he would like to go, but he frowned and wondered, "Will you pay for the trip?"
Ho Chi Minh stretched out his arm and shook his hands and said, "The money is here. We can travel while working." Ali is dubious and noncommittal. Isn’t the so-called "traveling while working" a tramp? Good teachers don’t do it, parents at home don’t raise it, and running around the world alone has a promising future. In the end, you may not even be able to marry a wife.
So Ali refused to go with him before leaving, and Ho Chi Minh had to go alone. It was June, 1911, and he boarded the French ship Ladouch Travell in Saigon. He didn’t buy a ticket, so he applied for the second-class kitchen handyman, alias A San.
This is his first time to leave the country. He doesn’t know where his destination is, why he is wandering, where his personal future is unknown, and how his country’s fate is unknown. He only knows that he must leave and have a look in a strange world. Of course, it is even more impossible for him to know that this long journey will consume half his life. When he returns to his motherland again, it will be 30 years later.
He first arrived in Marseille, southern France, and then went to Senegal, Benin and Congo in Africa, as well as Boston and new york in the United States. He once stayed in London, helped in a restaurant, washed knives and forks and cleaned dishes, and stayed in new york for several months. During the First World War, he worked in an overseas Chinese factory in Paris, copying China porcelain and furniture.
Ho Chi Minh (centre) is in Paris.
He happened to be in Paris at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Americans refused to "give a hand", so he fantasized that France "held high." During his stay in Paris, he made a big mistake in literature and art, boasting about equality and fraternity in France, as if all the French were Voltaire and Hugo. Later, he joined the French Socialist Party and did meet the French who sympathized with the colony, but it was only limited to sympathy, without any real help.
In fact, more than ten years earlier, his compatriot Pan Zhouzhen had done something similar, that is, he simply recognized the existing rule on the premise that he could not overthrow the French colonial rule, and devoted himself to pushing the authorities to improve the way of governance, such as calling for more freedom and democracy to be promoted to Vietnam, and at the same time eradicating corruption and ignorance. In a letter to the colonial authorities, Pan Zhouzhen begged for mercy: "If the French brings the idea of republicanism, the Annan people will only worry about one thing, that is, one day the French will leave Annan and let the Annan people make their own decisions."
In this way, national independence is placed behind the modernization of the country, which is a "way to save the country" that belittles itself into the dust, too young too naive.
The turning point of Ho Chi Minh’s exploration trip to save the country appeared in 1922. That year, he met a group of Chinese, including Zhou Enlai, Li Fuchun, Zhao Shiyan and others, who were seeking ways to save the country. They are all people in the same boat, and they talk about the same thing most. In the next forty years, Ho Chi Minh will gradually understand that his acquaintance with these Chinese is the most important encounter to change his fate with the country.
In 1923, Ho Chi Minh, who was repeatedly frustrated in the West, turned to Moscow. But like Paris, he still feels lonely, because the Soviets know little about distant Southeast Asia and are as Eurocentric as ever. Begging grandpa to tell grandma everywhere, but nobody cared, he sighed sadly: "I am like a fool standing alone in the middle of nowhere."
He signed up for the "Orientalism University" and later changed his name to Li Rui to Bao Luoting.Translate my identity and come to Guangzhou, China. In China, he got real help for the first time. China friends he met in Paris helped him rent a house, run a newspaper and run a training class, which started his career of saving the country. In 1930, he founded the Viet Cong in Hong Kong, and a large number of Vietnamese exiles gathered around him.
Facts have proved that China people with common beliefs, similar experiences and empathy are willing to help him sincerely. Westerners say that he has a "communist face", but where do they know that Ho Chi Minh once wanted to have a western face.
5 love and war
For Ho Chi Minh, 1930 was a very important year, not only because the Vietnamese communist party was established that year, but also because he met the woman he loved most in his life, Yilan Lin, a girl from Guangzhou.
In 1930, Yilan Lin was 21 years old and had never been in love. But the boss asked her to pretend to be husband and wife with a man named Song Wenchu. She didn’t hesitate. It was the first time that she took over such a special task since she joined the organization through a secret reading club when she was a student. At that time, Yilan Lin didn’t know that this Song Wenchu was Ho Chi Minh who liked various aliases. The only message the leader gave her was: "Comrade Song Wenchu has rich experience in struggle."
Song Wenchu is Ho Chi Minh.
After the establishment of communist party, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh was active in Guangzhou for a long time, training Vietnamese revolutionaries in exile here. In order to avoid the pursuit of the Kuomintang and Vietnamese French colonists, he needed a false relationship between husband and wife.
When they first met, the scene was quite awkward, but after getting acquainted, outsiders really thought they were a middle-class couple. During the day, a school works, a hospital works as a nurse, and at night, they go back to the apartment to take care of each other but have their own space. In public, they are warm and comfortable, and no one can see the flaw.
The problem is seven months later.
On that day, the two met to visit the suburbs. When the sun was setting, Ho Chi Minh suddenly took the initiative to hold Yilan Lin’s hand. The 21-year-old girl blushed and suddenly understood what was going on. Although they held hands for thousands of times, their fingers were connected when there were no outsiders. Obviously, it was a sham. After getting along for more than half a year, the girl has long been in love with the Vietnamese, and Teacher Song has also secretly promised.
However, the next problem is that the organization is disciplined. If fake couples have real feelings in underground battles, they need to report to the organization and get approval before they can get married. This is not a big deal, as long as two people really love each other, the organization should not interfere.
The bigger problem lies in Ho Chi Minh himself: the revolution has not yet succeeded, and the love between men and women is out of reach. Four years ago, he married a China girl named Zeng Xueming, but later he lost contact because of all kinds of turmoil. Eight years ago, he established a love relationship with Vietnamese woman Ruan Qingling, but his girlfriend was unfortunate because of the traitor’s informer. At that time, Ho Chi Minh was heartbroken and made a solemn oath: "Vietnam will not be liberated and unified, and I will not be a family in this life."
This clank oath was once the driving force for a group of comrades to forge ahead, so it cannot be easily broken. Yilan Lin, who has paid sincerely, is also reasonable. She said, "It doesn’t matter. I will be your bride when Vietnam is reunified." In this way, after the establishment of the relationship, the two men loved each other and lived a veritable husband and wife life, which was sweet and moist.
Unfortunately, happiness is always short, and parting is the fate of revolutionaries.
In 1933, Ho Chi Minh ended his mission in Guangzhou and went to the Soviet Union. Since then, the two have separated. Before leaving, Ho Chi Minh presented his diary as a souvenir, which was filled with his love.
It was not until nine years later, in 1942, that the secret love met again. At that time, Kobayashi was 32 years old. However, tragedies followed, and not long after the reunion, the Kuomintang heard the news and arrested Ho Chi Minh. Yilan Lin rescued like a madman, and later with the help of Feng Yuxiang, he was rescued in 1943. After being released from prison, the two were warm and affectionate, and the revolutionary chose to go on the road again, this time back to Vietnam. As a result, Yilan Lin had to continue to wait for the separation of the two places.
At that time, Vietnam was faced with the change of power, and the clouds of war piled up rapidly. But Vietnam does not have a decent army, and Ho Chi Minh is certainly not in the mood to fall in love. One year after returning to his native land, that is, in 1944, the Viet Nam League led by him was officially established. At the ceremony of establishing the army, there were only 31 male soldiers and 3 female soldiers, 1 machine gun, 17 modern rifles, 2 revolvers and 14 other kinds of firearms.
A crude army
How can such an environmentally friendly army fight? Speaking of it, this is also the root cause of khufu kneeling to ask for help, because it is really impossible to move. However, on November 20, 1946, the Vietnam-France War broke out, and when the time came, you couldn’t hide.
Although France after Napoleon was quite weak, Hitler knocked it down with little effort during World War II. Besides the "free France" led by Charles de Gaulle, most the French suffered from "severe inferiority complex" as Sartre said, but they still had the confidence to attack Vietnam, not to mention the backing of Americans.
But then again, the victory of the war is not necessarily won with good weapons, otherwise China will be in the hands of the Kuomintang now, but depends on the right time, place and people, especially people.
Although the Vietnamese army was humble, it occupied absolute moral superiority. It was a just war to resist foreign aggression, which laid the foundation for the French to fall into the sea of Wang Yang in the people’s war. Secondly, Vietnam’s local operations have obvious geographical advantages. One more thing, the French never expected that such a humble army could produce military wizards, and this is Wu Yuanjia, commander-in-chief of the Vietnamese army, who is almost as famous as Ho Chi Minh.
武元甲（站立者）
武元甲1911年出生在越南中部广平省。27岁前是私立学校的历史老师。他特别崇拜胡志明，是个小粉丝，尤其喜欢研读他的反殖民主义文章。1937年，他加入了越南共产党，一年后写了一本书叫《印度支那民族解放的问题》。
这本书发表之后，上头认为他是不可多得的人才。1940年，组织把他和另外一位年轻才俊范文同派往中国，去和胡志明接头。三个老乡见面后，很快建立了深厚的革命友谊。胡志明把武元甲派往延安，让他跟着中共学习打仗。在这里，这位日后的越军总司令掌握了一项致命武器：游击战。
游击战，灵活多变，适合以弱抵强，内生于基层，是一种可动员群众、发动全民参与的战争形式。一小股一小股的部队，扎根边远山区，先虏获人心，建立自给自足的根据地，然后再利用地利优势出奇兵，炸桥梁毁铁轨，让正规部队有力使不上。
比如，越军最喜欢使用的一招：在道路两侧开挖“钢琴键”壕沟。机械部队遇到这样的硬核障碍，寸步难行。法国人为此头疼不已，只能抓来当地村民填平壕沟。可村民白天修路，晚上又回来凿坑。法军没明白，游击战首先占领了民心。
The longer the war drags on, the harder it will be for the French. Halfway through, the French learned to be smart and knew that the key to winning or losing the war was the people’s hearts, so they supported a puppet-the last emperor of Vietnam, Bao Da. But it was too late. After 1948, Ho Chi Minh’s luck got better and better, because his old friend from China rose rapidly and would be the strongest supporter from now on.
Americans can’t sit still. I didn’t expect France to be so weak. The rise of China has set off a big discussion in the United States about "who lost China", which has aggravated anxiety. Nixon, then a congressman, and McCarthy, a congressman from Wisconsin, all pointed their finger at Secretary of State Acheson and accused him of collaborating with the enemy and betraying the country. Nixon said that he was "the red dean of the university to curb communist cowards."
Therefore, Acheson was under great pressure, which led him to adopt extreme ideological policies. In fact, Acheson was the most determined anti-Communist. Later, after China and the Soviet Union successively recognized the regime led by Ho Chi Minh, he was even more anxious and advocated the so-called "domino theory", that is, once Vietnam fell to the communist camp, Japan, Australia and the whole Southeast Asia would be "red" with it. History has proved that this is extreme obscenity, but this theory directly detonated America’s enthusiasm for the Vietnam War.
Of course, the French is happy to see the United States suffering from ideological phobia, so he tried his best to make the colonial aggression look like an anti-communist struggle. In May 1950, the Americans finally made their move. Truman approved aid worth as much as $23.3 million, and publicly recognized the Baoda government supported by France.
In this way, the Vietnam-France War eventually evolved into a struggle between two ideological camps, one was the Ho Chi Minh government supported by China and the Soviet Union, and the other was the puppet government supported by the United States and France. Sadly, Vietnam became the scene of the hot war behind the cold war of great powers, and like the Korean Peninsula and Afghanistan at that time, it was one of the deepest victims of ideological prejudice.
6 divide and conquer north and south
Vietnam has become an imperial wrestling field, which is the last thing Ho Chi Minh wants to see. He has traveled overseas for many years and learned many languages, including French, English, Chinese, Russian, etc. He can even write novels in French to earn money. He has a broad vision and is a real great talent. He also sincerely yearns for freedom, democracy, equality and fraternity among the western population. Ideology has never restrained him. But helpless, what I want to avoid most, I just come.
1951年，越法鏖战正酣，胡志明抽空来了一趟中国寻求援助。此时的林依兰，41岁，依然单身，已是新中国干部。胡志明作为越南领导人，忙完国是后，提出要见一见小林。中国的老友们立刻为他安排。就在即将登机回国时，两人终于相见了。多年分离，泪水模糊了彼此双眼。但考虑到两人今日的身份和处境，起飞前，林依兰取出当年日记还给胡志明，对两人结合似乎不抱希望，胡志明却挡了回来：“身边没有你，我很久没写日记了，还是留给你作个纪念吧！”
战争没有结束，胡志明并没有十分信心给恋人幸福，留下日记，算是暧昧的承诺，事业败当拒绝，事业成可再聚，藕断丝连也是连。
1954年6月，法越决战于奠边府，法军惨败，被迫于日内瓦会议承诺停战。但法国人怂了，美国人没有。实际上就在法越决战时，美国国务卿杜勒斯还问过法国外交部长比多：“原子弹对奠边府战役是否有用，如果有用，美国可以提供两枚。”比多拒绝了，怕原子弹伤到法军自己，也怕刺激中国参战。
奠边府战役
越南获得了独立，但日内瓦会议并没有解决越南的统一，而是以北纬17度为界，将越南分而治之，北属胡志明政权，南属保大政府，约定两年后举行公投，让所有越南人自己决定统一于何种政权，与此同时，越南也放弃了建立印度支那联邦的奢望，承诺让跟着一起反抗殖民统治的高棉和寮国获得独立。
分而治之和打消帝国奢望，是周恩来苦劝周旋的结果，一度让北越部分领导人相当不爽，范文同甚至私下抱怨，“他出卖了我们”。但如果不妥协，继续打下去，弄不好美国真要投原子弹啊，事实上就这么一个妥协结果，美国人都不愿意签字，只承诺不使用武力干涉日内瓦宣言。
有一个小细节可证明美国人有多么憎恨他们眼中的“共产主义”：他们一开始不愿意让中国参加日内瓦会议，一度威胁说不来，扭扭捏捏，后来终于来了，但杜勒斯下令，不得与中国人发生任何语言和行动上的联系，有一次英俊的周总理恰巧跟他挨得很近，周总理礼貌伸手执意，这厮相当没品，当没看见，扭头就走。
这种意识形态的偏见和仇恨，此后一直笼罩在越南上空，此后30年，越南人会真切地感受到它带来的痛楚。
After Ho Chi Minh took power in North Vietnam, he imitated the Soviet model, knocked down the rich peasants and landlords, confiscated the private property of business owners, and made everything public. Even the excrement pulled by buffalo was public property, because "fertilizer belongs to the people". If the Soviet Union had not funded food in 1955, it would have almost caused a great famine. Politically, people are also worried. Farmers are afraid of arbitrary accusations, so they rush to report their neighbors and relatives. Those who suspect that they have worked for France are accused of being "traitors", and even those who are not enthusiastic about Viet Nam will be criticized.
Ruan Nan’s family was born in a small businessman’s family in Hanoi. With his natural business mind, he earned a lot of money in the reinforced concrete industry in Haiphong, imported advanced machinery from Europe, modernized his planting, and established the first fried sugar factory in Vietnam. During the war of independence, she donated a lot of money to the Ho Chi Minh government and sent her two sons to the battlefield, which was known as "resisting the mother". But in 1953, the government knocked her down as an "overbearing landlord" and knelt in front of the red slogan. Hundreds of farmers mocked, slapped her in the face, spat on her, and then brutally executed her.
There are countless such examples under the new regime of North Vietnam. It is said that more than 40,000 people were killed and more than 10,000 people were sent to labor camps. This led to the first large-scale refugee wave in Vietnam, and millions of northerners fled to the south with their families.
This is the first time that Vietnam has completely ideologized itself when it resisted the ideological prejudice of westerners. This is what Nietzsche said, if you struggle with a dragon for too long, you will become a dragon yourself; If you stare at the abyss for too long, the abyss will stare back.
In August 1958, when people’s grievances were boiling, the enlightened Ho Chi Minh immediately noticed the problem, so he made a public statement, admitting that he had made a mistake before, and would redefine the status of landlord and rich peasant.
However, this personal apology did not help. The cruel rule further strengthened the prejudice and hatred of the United States against the communist regime, and of course stimulated the determination of American politicians to curb Ho Chi Minh’s expansion to the south.
In the south, the United States strongly supports Wu Tingyan who believes in Catholicism. This man used to be the minister of rites of the old Vietnamese dynasty Ruan Chao, and was later elected as the head of state of southern Vietnam by the puppet emperor Baoda. This person has no charm, and he is short and short, but he has lived in the United States for 4 years and has accumulated many political contacts.
At first, he seemed to have done a good job. Economically, he benefited from US$ 300 million in aid every year. The shops were full of American goods, and several rebellions were put down politically. Therefore, the US media shouted "Long live Wu Tingyan" and made the cover of Time magazine. In 1957, he visited the United States, and his reputation reached the highest point.
However, this man is an American dog on the surface, but privately treats the United States as a dog. He once said to people around him, "If you bring an American dog, you can only accept American fleas." He didn’t agree with freedom and democracy in his bones, so he engaged in family nepotism, cracked down on dissidents and hunted Buddhists, which was as totalitarian as the northern regime.
In 1956, this was the "election year" agreed by the Geneva Conference, and the North and the South agreed to hold a referendum to realize national reunification. However, Wu Tingyan was afraid of Ho Chi Minh’s great prestige in the eyes of Vietnamese people, desperately resisted and attacked the Geneva resolution. He directed and staged a referendum in his own jurisdiction, claiming that the support rate was as high as 98.2%. American politicians quietly suggested that it was more credible to make it 60-70%. It’s really fake for an 18th-line politician to buy fake fans like the most handsome man in the universe.
The shortcomings of his rule were quickly exposed. The regime depends entirely on American funding. Needless to say, the bigger crisis appears in the rural areas where the population accounts for 75-80%, and the majority of farmers do not support him. In 1957, 452 village heads died inexplicably in South Vietnam. Later, it was investigated that they were all assassinated by guerrillas assisted by villagers. Every time a village head died, the whole village turned around and supported North Vietnam.
Riots break out one after another in rural areas. At the same time, there are more and more terrorist incidents like assassinations. In 1959, in a military camp about 32 kilometers north of Saigon, two American consultants were watching a movie and were shot and killed by six gamers who suddenly broke in. A Vietnamese cook and his 8-year-old son were also killed. And three weeks before this incident, Wu Tingyan and his younger brother Dinh Nhu Ngo were assassinated and almost died.
The situation got out of control, and the Americans finally couldn’t stand him. In 1962, Kennedy and his staff decided to get rid of Lao Wu. On November 1, 1963, Yang Wenming, a senior military officer, staged a coup and drove Wu out of the presidential palace. The next day, Wu and his younger brother, who were hiding in a friend’s house, were lured out by the military’s false promises, got into an M113 armored vehicle and were secretly executed on their way to the military headquarters.
In 1964, the US Navy created the Tokyo Bay incident, attacked the northern territorial waters, sank the Vietnamese torpedo ship, and brewed the Tokyo Bay incident. In 1965, the Viet Cong attacked US military facilities, resulting in the death of 32 US troops. At that time, American President Johnson ordered the implementation of the "operation rolling thunder" and began large-scale bombing. On March 8, the first US combat troops landed in Da Nang. The US-Vietnam War kicked off.
7 Vietnam War
From 1950 to the landing in Da Nang in 1965, Americans have been involved in Vietnam affairs for 15 years. In 1962, Kennedy approved the use of Agent Orange in order to prevent the Viet Cong guerrillas from entering South Vietnam from the Cambodian highlands through the Ho Chi Minh Trail., causing serious ecological disasters and casualties. From then on, the war has actually been declared.
During the Vietnam War, the Americans were really driven to extinction, using the most destructive weapons except nuclear weapons. Aircraft carriers stationed in Japan, South Korea, Guam, the Philippines and the South China Sea gathered in Vietnam, and the bombs dropped by B-52 bombers and F4 fighters were as dense as rain.
Throughout the Vietnam War, Americans dropped 1.4 million tons of explosives, twice as much as in World War II. The battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 was tragic enough, but the amount of bombs dropped by the French army in two months at that time was only the amount of bombs dropped by the American army in one day in the 1960s.
A senior official of the South Vietnamese National Front recalled: "The American bombing caused a kind of psychological terror that was branded in our hearts day and night, year after year, and will never be erased." The roar of the B-52 can directly tear the eardrum, and the soldiers have become deaf before shooting. The density of the bombs makes many people unable to find their bones, and finally they may find a handful of hair and a few pieces of flesh and blood. Men were killed, women went to war, and because women couldn’t stand the terror in the battlefield, they stopped menstruating since then without trauma, and they couldn’t get married all their lives.
Americans not only bombed soldiers, but also threw bombs at civilians. Farr, a French veteran of World War II, once went on a mission with the US military. He saw with his own eyes that the US air force dropped thousands of tons of incendiary bombs, which turned a so-called "communist party rest center" into a sea of fire, but it was only a small fishing village. The villagers braved fireworks and fled in a sampan, and no one knew whether their families were still alive.
Vietnam War
From 1965 to 1975, the United States and Vietnam fought a fierce battle for ten years, killing a total of 3.1 million people in North Vietnam, 200,000 people in South Vietnam and 58,000 American troops.
Many years later, in the face of this tragic war, even the Americans themselves are a little embarrassed. Japan and Germany during World War II were arguably much more hateful than Vietnam and did more harm to Americans. Why did Americans use such cruel means to punish a country with different political ideas? What’s more, people like Ho Chi Minh yearned for American freedom and democracy from beginning to end.
Later, Americans wrote a lot of novels and made a lot of movies, constantly reflecting on the significance and origin of this war, but to be honest, it is really hard to say whether they really want to understand it. In today’s America, ideological prejudice and hatred are still excuses for many politicians to flaunt their moral superiority. All kinds of sanctions and arrogance have never left the haze of war.
At the end of 1968, 45% of Americans voted that it was a serious mistake to intervene in Vietnam. In April of this year, Johnson announced that he would no longer participate in the re-election campaign, and North Vietnam agreed to negotiate. The newly appointed Nixon promised to bring his children home. By 1971, the US military had withdrawn from its peak of 543,000 to 24,000.
At this time, the international situation changed suddenly, and the original Sino-Soviet friendship disappeared. In 1972, Kissinger explored the road and Nixon visited China, and Sino-US relations normalized. This makes the war based on ideological hatred have no foundation, and also declares how absurd the "domino theory" is. When Watergate broke out in 1974, Nixon resigned, and his successor Ford stopped interfering in the war. In April, 1975, 100,000 troops from North Vietnam invaded Saigon, and the division between North and South came to an end, and Vietnam was reunified.
The death of Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh’s lifelong pursuit of independence and reunification has finally come true. But he didn’t live to see this scene, because he died in Hanoi in September 1969.
Looking back at history, the death of Ho Chi Minh in 1969 was even more important to Vietnam than the national reunification in 1975. Before his death, Sino-Soviet relations had deteriorated, and both countries wanted to pull Vietnam to their side, so the Soviet Union’s national strength was stronger after all, and China was inferior. However, because Ho Chi Minh, who had a special personal friendship with China, supported Vietnam, Vietnam was never biased on the balance between China and the Soviet Union. But after his death, the pro-Soviet faction of the Vietnamese leadership immediately took the lead, and gradually alienated from China.
China’s aid didn’t officially stop until 1976, which was interesting enough, but Viet Nam went to the opposite side of China. This has little influence on China, but it is a complete tragedy for Vietnam, because it determines that it has failed to keep up with the pace of China’s reform and take-off, but has followed the Soviet Union. Imagine that if Ho Chi Minh had lived for 10 years, Vietnam would not have been stuck in the ideological quagmire for another 10 years, and there would not have been the "boat people" incident in the 1970s and 1980s.
However, history can’t assume that, just like the love between Ho Chi Minh and Yilan Lin, if they really became friends at the beginning, then there might be less friction between China and Vietnam. In 1958, 68-year-old Ho Chi Minh invited Tao Zhu to visit Vietnam and proposed to him that he wanted to formally marry Yilan Lin, who had been in love for many years, and took her to live in Hanoi.
Tao Zhu reported to Mao and Zhou, and Mao said, "We advocate freedom of love and autonomy in marriage". However, it is a pity that the opposition within the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Vietnam is in the majority. The table reason is that Ho Chi Minh publicly said that Vietnam will never marry until it is liberated and cannot self-destruct its vows. But the deeper reason is that the Vietnamese don’t want the open wife of the "father of the country", not the Vietnamese but Chinese.
胡志明也很无奈，给林依兰去信：“亲爱的依兰，咱们无缘再会。你听说过柏拉图的精神恋吗？就让我们彼此心灵永远融为一体吧！”林依兰回信：“在天愿为比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。天长地久有时尽，此情绵绵无绝期。”
在胡志明去世前一年，终身未嫁的林依兰病逝，临终前，她托人将那日记还给了越南国父。
9 革新开放
包括长征、范文同、黎笋、武元甲和胡志明等人在内越南老一辈领导层，老胡见识最广，身段最软最灵活。为了争取民族独立，他甚至愿意否认自己的共产主义者身份。反法大战前三个月，他还在巴黎游说，说尽各种西方的好话，就差给法国人跪下了。而为了消除美国的疑虑，他除了猛夸他们的自由民主外，还一度解散印度支那共产党，以显示诚意。
只可惜他死得早，他的灵活和柔软，并没能传给继任者，尤其是没能传给有严重反华倾向的黎笋。1975年5月，黎笋领导的北方政权，派遣了大约两千名教授前往南方，没收了10000本书籍公开烧毁，目的是“消灭过去”，搞现代文字狱。
After his death, Ho Chi Minh was also symbolized. His modesty in apologizing for his stupid policy in 1958, his romance in his youth and his broad international vision were deliberately erased, and he was shaped into a rigid ascetic and a spokesman for Soviet values. Following the precedent of the Soviet Union, the government also built a giant granite mausoleum for him, where the embalmed remains were placed for tourists to look at and receive psychological washing.
After reunification, Soviet aid actually increased, reaching $3.3 billion in 1985, twice as much as in 1978. However, the problem is that even the Soviet Union itself is almost stretched out. Gorbachev does not want to engage in ideological struggle and wants to develop the economy. Therefore, he negotiated with Reagan to end the Cold War and accepted the three major requirements put forward by the chief designer: the Sino-Soviet border disarmament, the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, and no longer supporting Vietnam’s occupation of Khmer.
In 1990, the Soviet Union’s aid to Vietnam shrank by 63% rapidly. With the disintegration of Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Vietnamese leadership was completely panicked. If it lingers and persists, it is likely to be abandoned by the whole mainstream world and end up like North Korea led by Kim Il Sung.
In 1986, the Viet Cong began to fully support Nguyễn Văn Linh in promoting reform and opening up, taking the market economy, abolishing the agricultural centralized system, abolishing price control, promoting private ownership, devaluing the Vietnamese dong, taking advantage of agricultural advantages and cheap labor, and taking the development road of giving priority to exports.
Go around, once again fully follow and imitate China, an old friend. It is said that after that, all the policy documents of China will be carefully studied by the Vietnamese leadership, sometimes even more carefully than Chinese. In 1991, Nguyễn Văn Linh paid a secret visit to China, and Sino-Vietnamese relations were normalized. Vietnam really got rid of the ideological shackles.
Over the years, the effect of learning has gradually emerged. Now Vietnam is the fastest growing economy in the world, with an average annual growth rate of more than 7%. In 2018, Vietnam’s GDP reached US$ 244.9 billion, with a per capita GDP of US$ 2,563, more than 10 times that at the beginning of its reform, and its economic growth rate also surpassed that of China.
Vietnam today
Since the Sino-US trade war, almost all the neighboring Southeast Asian economies have been hit, but Vietnam has not been affected at all. Instead, it has benefited from this, and it has undertaken a lot of capital and industries that should have flowed to China. In the first five months of 2019, Vietnam’s exports to the United States increased by 36% year-on-year, making it the eighth largest source of imported products in the United States, up four places from the previous year.
In October this year, samsung galaxy closed the Huizhou factory, the last smart phone factory in China, which was established in 1992, and announced its complete withdrawal from China. Back to where? Vietnam. At present, Samsung has built eight factories and a research and development center in Vietnam, contributing 1/3 of its global electronic product shipments and 50% of its mobile phone exports.
However, the outbreak of "container smuggling case" shows that although Vietnam has developed rapidly today, it has not really risen. Today, its economic volume is only equivalent to that of Guangxi, China, and the division (it is said to be an advantage) caused by the lack of central power within it also prevents it from concentrating on great things. Therefore, the infrastructure construction in China has never kept up with the needs of industrial development, and the lack of a complete industrialized industrial chain has also led to its high domestic living cost. In addition, its excessive dependence on export processing foreign trade and the soaring housing prices in Saigon and Ho Chi Minh City in recent years may limit its development.
But in any case, today, following the pace of China, Vietnam has embarked on the right development track. The key is that it is still very young, with more than half of the 94 million people under the age of 29, and the future can be expected and cannot be underestimated.
From the time when France launched the war of aggression in 1946, to the reunification of Vietnam in 1975, and then to the reform and opening up in 1986, the country of Vietnam can be summarized in three figures:
30 years of war, 10 years of struggle, 33 years of take-off. The road to its rise can also be summed up in one sentence: learn from China and get rich silently. As for what kind of socialist face it will grow into, let others say it.
