标签归档 西安夜生活论坛

　　Recently, the procuratorate of Fuzhou City prosecuted Gao Lianzhu for the crime of accepting bribes and transferring loans at high interest. In November last year, 53-year-old Gao Lianzhu took the initiative to surrender himself as the party secretary of Fuzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics, and his alleged "high-interest loan transfer crime" attracted much attention.

　　The crime of lending at a high interest rate refers to the act of taking credit funds from financial institutions and lending them to others at a high interest rate, with a large amount of illegal income. In recent years, this crime has frequently appeared in the notification of the investigated public officials. In this way, they can easily "borrow money to make money".

　　Jia Fenqiang, former deputy director of the Public Security Department of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, borrowed 3 million yuan, and after lending it to others at a high interest rate of 5 times, he easily made a profit of more than 1.05 million yuan; Qin Guoyou, the former deputy researcher of Luzhai County Committee of Guangxi, borrowed 3.05 million yuan, and made a profit of more than 1.19 million yuan after high-interest lending; Luo Fuyang, former deputy mayor of Fuzhou City and former director of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, raised funds through bank loans, and then lent money to Chen Moumou and others at high interest rates, earning more than 6.5 million yuan.

　　According to relevant reports, China News Weekly covers a wide range of public officials involved in such issues, including party committees and government officials, as well as senior bank officials and state-owned enterprise executives. There are both deputy directors of the provincial public security department and grassroots cadres. Not only did they lose their public office, but they were also jailed.

　　Mao Jiangping, a member of the Supervision Committee of Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province, said in an interview with the media that the advantage of public officials in obtaining credit funds has made a small number of people use their brains and even take risks and try their best.

　　Mao Zhaohui, executive director of the China Supervisory Society and director of the Anti-corruption and Clean Government Policy Research Center of Renmin University of China, told China Newsweek that the high-interest lending behavior of public officials often involves the influence of personal power, which is more harmful and more concealed. After they use the influence of personal power to borrow money, they raise interest rates to lend money, disrupting the financial market order and increasing financial risks.

　　The shadow of power behind arbitrage

　　According to the law, when a loan applicant borrows from a financial institution, it is necessary to state the legal purpose of the loan and the term of the loan. Because public officials can’t run enterprises through business, many cases show that they usually take out loans on the pretext of housing renovation, and then transfer them to loans at high interest rates.

　　Jia Fenqiang, former deputy director of the Public Security Department of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, is a typical case. In September 2016, Jia Fenqiang was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment and fined 2.1 million yuan by the zhongwei Intermediate People’s Court.

　　Zhongwei Intermediate People’s Court found that Jia Fenqiang obtained a loan of 3 million yuan from the bank through his friend by signing a fake house renovation contract, with a monthly interest of 5% and a loan term of one year. After the loan was issued, Jia Fenqiang immediately lent all the loans to a microfinance company at a monthly interest of 2.5%. After several loan renewals, he made a profit of more than 1.05 million yuan.

　　An insider familiar with the local political and legal system in zhongwei told China Newsweek that the loan took place in October 2012, when Jia was a member of the Standing Committee of Yinchuan Municipal Committee, secretary of the Political and Legal Committee, and director of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, and the bank involved was Shizuishan Bank. "At that time, other bank leaders offered to provide loans for Jia in order to close the relationship with Jia Fenqiang, but in the end he chose Shizuishan Bank."

　　Public officials who take loans on the grounds of housing renovation are not cases. The website of the State Supervision Commission of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection once published a document about the case of Wang Pengxiang, former vice president of the Jiaojiang District People’s Court in Taizhou, Zhejiang.

　　In January 2014, Wang Pengxiang took a property under the name of his wife Ye Moumou as collateral, forged renovation contract, and applied to a banking institution for a decoration consumer loan of 2 million yuan. In November 2014, the loan reached the account of the fake decoration contractor designated by Wang Pengxiang, and then the money was transferred to Wang Pengxiang’s mother-in-law account through her company employee Xu Moumou. On the day of lending, Wang Pengxiang immediately lent the money in his account to three stakeholders to earn the interest difference. According to the investigation, the interest income collected from Wang Pengxiang’s reloaning was as high as 1,504,800 yuan, and the interest on bank loans was 320,200 yuan, resulting in illegal profits of nearly 1.2 million yuan.

　　There are also cases that show that some public officials consciously have no hope of promotion, and they want to make a fortune by lending at high interest. At the beginning of 2009, Wang Moumou, a friend of Qin Guoyou, a deputy researcher of Luzhai County Committee in Liuzhou City, Guangxi Province, who was engaged in real estate business, learned that there were many sets of idle properties for rent when he was short of funds and difficult to borrow, and told Qin that it was a waste of resources to use the property only for rent. Wang Moumou advised Qin Guoyou to mortgage the property to the bank to get a loan from it, and then lent the loan to him, promising to give Qin Guoyou 50% interest every year.

　　At that time, Qin Guoyou had worked as a deputy researcher of the county party committee for six years, and he thought, "Since ‘ Guanlu ’ Poor, turn away ‘ Trade routes ’ " That’s fine. From 2009 to 2013, in the name of herself and her daughter, Qin borrowed from Guangxi Luzhai Rural Cooperative Bank for four times (totaling 3.05 million yuan) on the grounds of purchasing excavators, and then lent the loans to Wang Moumou and Zhang Moumou, and charged interest. After investigation, Qin Guoyou made a total profit of 1.19 million yuan through high-interest lending.

　　In 2015, the Liuzhou Municipal Commission for Discipline Inspection interviewed him. When interviewed, he took the initiative to explain the fact that high-interest loans were transferred, but he believed that "this kind of behavior is only engaged in profit-making activities in violation of regulations, and it is enough to carry a punishment, and there is no need to return the illegal income." When the organization department asked him to hand over the illegal income, he refused to hand it over on the grounds that he had no money.

　　On February 14th, 2019, Qin Guoyou was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment by the People’s Court of Chengzhong District, Liuzhou City, for committing the crime of loaning at a high interest rate, recovering illegal income of 1.19 million yuan and fined 1.5 million yuan.

　　According to an interview with China Newsweek, many officials at the departmental level are also involved in the problem of high-interest loans. For example, Luo Fuyang, former deputy mayor of Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province and former director of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, made a profit of more than 6.5 million yuan through illegal lending at high interest rates. Ye Shengkun, former deputy director of the Standing Committee of Meizhou Municipal People’s Congress in Guangdong Province, and Laynamor’s F, former deputy director of the Standing Committee of Yingkou Municipal People’s Congress in Liaoning Province, and other officials who fell off the horse, also mentioned the suspected crime of lending at high interest rates.

　　Many cases show that there is a complete interest chain in the case of public officials transferring loans at high interest rates. This chain is centered on public officials, down to the enterprises or individuals who actually use this loan, up to the relevant person in charge of the lending financial institution, and there are agents in the middle.

　　Baoping Li, a researcher at the Institute of Sociology and Law of Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences, said in an interview with the media that the business owners borrowed usury from leading cadres, in addition to the need for capital turnover, and more importantly, in order to maintain the relationship, which can be said to be a disguised form of interest transfer.

　　The "financial ghost" in the secret chain

　　"Half-monthly Talk" once commented that in some high-interest lending cases, some leading cadres repeatedly borrowed a large amount of money from banks on the grounds that their houses needed renovation, and the "renovation loans" of millions of dollars obviously exceeded the normal renovation demand. These obvious irrationalities reflected that financial institutions had management loopholes in the use of funds for loans involving public officials.

　　Why are financial institutions willing to lend to public officials at low interest rates? According to an interview with China News Weekly, because public officials have stable jobs and salaries, they are relatively high-quality customers for financial institutions, so they will formulate corresponding preferential policies for specific groups such as public officials.

　　An interviewed public official of the political and legal system told China Newsweek that many bank staff even took the initiative to go to his unit to promote credit business. "They took photos of our work documents and asked us to fill out a form, so they could get a loan of 300,000 yuan, or even more, and the loan interest rate would be obviously favorable. Although the salesperson said that the funds could not be used for high-interest loans and other purposes, there was no follow-up management. "

　　Mao Lixin, executive director of the Criminal Defense Research Center of China University of Political Science and Law and director of Beijing Shangquan Law Firm, told China Newsweek that the frequent occurrence of such cases revealed that financial institutions had certain problems in pre-loan review, loan management and post-loan tracking. In the pre-loan review stage, financial institutions neglected to review their loan contracts because they regarded public officials as "quality customers", and even turned a blind eye; In the process of issuing loans, the direction and practical use of this money were not carefully checked; After lending, it is rarely monitored whether the funds are used according to the agreed purpose.

　　He said that in such cases, if the financial institution finds that the purpose written in the loan contract is false and continues to lend, the amount is more than 2 million yuan or the direct economic loss is more than 500,000 yuan, the relevant staff of the financial institution is suspected of committing the crime of illegally issuing loans.

　　Even so, there are still people in charge of financial institutions who play the role of an "inside ghost" for reasons such as the exchange of interests with public officials, and illegally lend money to help public officials make profits through high-interest loans.

　　In May 2018, the Supervision Committee of Zhengzhou City Commission for Discipline Inspection received a clue from the Supervision Committee of Henan Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection about Yang Hongwei, deputy mayor of gongyi city, who was suspected of violating the law. Among them, some people reported that Yang Hongwei used his power to obtain large amounts of funds from banks for lending, so as to obtain high interest.

　　According to the circular, in 2013, Wang Moufan, then director of Beishankou Rural Credit Cooperatives in Gongyi, thanked Yang Hongwei for his help in completing the storage task of the rural credit cooperatives, and agreed with Yang Hongwei to borrow 2 million yuan from Beishankou Rural Credit Cooperatives in the name of his brother Yang Moujun by signing a false contract, and Wang Moufan lent it to a real estate company, and the high interest of 1.02 million yuan obtained was dominated by Yang Hongwei.

　　According to the circular, Yang Hongwei’s modus operandi is hidden, and whether he borrows money from rural credit cooperatives or enterprises, he does it through "agent" Yang Moujun, while Yang Hongwei gains benefits from stealth.

　　There are also some principal responsible persons of financial institutions who even steal from themselves and start the business of lending at high interest. Kong Caimei, a former vice president of Yunnan Fudian Bank, was told that although she was paid millions of dollars a year, she was not satisfied, and she was thinking about how to make Qian Shengqian and interest. In the process of approving the loan, she learned that many private entrepreneurs were short of funds, which gave birth to the idea of usury. Kong Caimei borrowed the money she raised at high interest rate, "being a bank president during the day and a banker at night". After investigation, Kong Caimei was suspected of many illegal and criminal acts such as corruption, bribery, and high-interest lending, and the total illegal income was more than 31.8 million yuan.

　　Peng Xie, the former president of Dianchi Sub-branch of Kunming Branch of China CITIC Bank, first got to know all kinds of people with resources and capital needs as the president of the bank, and cast a net for high-interest lending. Then he negotiated with others to apply for a loan at his own branch and lent it at an annualized income of 15%. Since then, he took advantage of his position to promote the "green light all the way" of the bank loan approval process, turned a blind eye to the forged loan materials, and successfully lent the obtained loans to obtain high profits. After investigation, it used its authority to transfer loans at a high interest rate and made a profit of 710,000 yuan.

　　Gu Chao, a graduate tutor at Yangzhou University Law School, told China Newsweek that in the case of "inside job stealing" by the principal person in charge of such financial institutions, whether there is greater social harm due to their status will be considered, and comprehensive consideration will be given when sentencing. At the same time, the identity of this group also determines that they may be accused of lending at high interest and illegally issuing loans.

　　Why are not many people investigated for criminal responsibility?

　　The crime of loaning at high interest is a new crime in the criminal law in 1997. According to the amount of illegal income from loaning at high interest, the perpetrator will be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years, and fined not less than one time but not more than five times the illegal income.

　　Wang Xin, a professor at Peking University Law School and vice president of the Financial Legal Behavior Research Association of China Behavioral Law Society, told China Newsweek that the background of this crime was very special. In 1997, there was no crime of loaning at high interest in the draft revised criminal law submitted to the National People’s Congress for deliberation. However, during the discussion of the two sessions, some NPC deputies from the banking sector advocated adding this crime. Their reason is that after the loan was issued, many borrowers did not use it for the purpose they claimed when applying, but lent it to others at high interest rates and ate the interest difference.

　　"These representatives believe that this part of the loan was originally used in projects related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, but it was used in other projects, and it is easy to cause loan risks after lending. In the end, the legislature adopted this proposal and added this crime in the adopted draft. " Wang Xin said.

　　Gu Chao said that when the crime of high-interest lending was added to the criminal law, all banks in China were owned by the whole people. At that time, the establishment of this crime was also considered from the perspective of the security of state-owned assets and the security of credit funds of financial institutions.

　　He told China Newsweek that in judicial practice, the crime of loaning at high interest may be mixed with some crimes in the downstream (if some of them are included in the crime of money laundering), and some cases may not be reflected as a separate crime. In addition, some cases are classified and not open to the public, so it is difficult to make statistics on the number of cases involving this crime over the years since its establishment. However, from the public notice, cases involving such crimes are still common in recent years.

　　Tong Xiaohui, the first-class police chief and public lawyer of Gongshu Branch of Hangzhou Public Security Bureau, said in an interview with China News Weekly that in cases involving high-interest lending, if the high-interest lender pays off the loan within the agreed time and does not cause losses to the bank, it is rarely exposed. Moreover, when such personnel transfer loans at high interest rates, they may not necessarily explain the source of funds to the lending target. "For the economic investigation department of the public security organ, compared with fund-raising fraud and contract fraud, high-interest lending will be more concealed."

　　Tong Xiaohui said that there are two main types of clues for public security organs to receive high-interest loans: the high-interest lenders did not pay off the bank loans, and the banks took the initiative to report the case after discovering the clues; The Commission for Discipline Inspection and Supervision found clues that public officials involved in high-interest loans and transferred them to public security organs.

　　A cadre of discipline inspection and supervision in Zhejiang Province told China Newsweek that it is not uncommon for enterprises and public officials to lend at high interest in practice, but not many people are investigated for criminal responsibility for this crime in practice. "Public officials’ duty crimes are under the jurisdiction of the Supervisory Committee, and the crime of lending at high interest is under the jurisdiction of the public security organs. In the face of a large number of high-interest loans, law enforcement officers will not and cannot all be sentenced. If such public officials have a good attitude, the supervisory Committee will generally not transfer clues to the public security and investigate the crime of lending at high interest. "

　　Many interviewees also said that the public knows most about the crime of accepting bribes and corruption when public officials violate the criminal law, and they have very limited knowledge about the crime of loaning at high interest, which also makes some people unaware that this is an illegal act even if they know that there are people around them. Some interviewees also said that the public officials around him thought that it was normal to transfer loans at high interest rates, and even this was a smart person who could manage money.

　　In addition, Mao Zhaohui believes that the crime of high-interest lending in criminal law has not been revised so far. With the emergence of some new manifestations in judicial practice, criminal acts have become more complicated, some involving illegal acts and some involving disciplinary acts. Crimes involve a wider range of people, including government, political and legal organs, officials of the financial system, etc., and some also involve agents. He believes that it is necessary to introduce judicial interpretations to further refine different situations.

　　In real cases, compared with the fact that public officials can usually get loans by virtue of credit, private entrepreneurs often need mortgage loans. The more poorly managed, the more difficult it is for enterprises to get loans. This is also considered to be one of the reasons why private entrepreneurs raise interest rates and transfer loans through channels such as public officials.

　　Gu Chao has done research, and the loans of business owners are generally mortgage loans, and the total amount of loans will not exceed 60% or 50% of the valuation of real estate or chattel market.

　　Shen Yufu, the legal representative of Hunan Zhanhong Construction Engineering Investment Co., Ltd., told China Newsweek that in 2009, he was in urgent need of funds because of problems in business operation, and wanted to borrow 10 million yuan from a local bank. Therefore, he mortgaged several sets of his own properties with a total market valuation of about 20 million yuan to the bank, but he still failed to obtain bank loans.

　　Shen Yufu said that in desperation, he raised interest rates and lent more than 6 million yuan to public officials in Xiangtan’s political and legal system through agents.

　　Several interviewees, including Wang Xin, told China Newsweek that banks should fully evaluate the actual needs of those at the end of the interest chain of high-interest lending (referring to the "lenders" who finally take over the offer, such as private entrepreneurs), and give them more loan support to make the high-interest lenders lose their existence space.

　　Mao Zhaohui pointed out that the high-interest lending behavior of public officials involves a wide range and has the characteristics of professionalism and concealment. The crackdown can not only rely on the discipline inspection and supervision organs, but also strengthen the collaborative supervision supported by big data supervision, and investigate and punish it through various forms such as inspections, inspections, discipline inspection and supervision, and auditing.

　　Recently, "China Discipline Inspection and Supervision Newspaper" issued a document quoting several discipline inspection and supervision cadres, saying that there is still a lack of supervision on high-interest lending. Among them, both the actors repeatedly transfer funds to avoid supervision, and the cooperation channels between relevant departments and financial institutions have not been fully opened, so it is impossible to achieve full coverage supervision.

　　Wang Xin believes that in the future, banks should strictly examine borrowers, establish a loan credit system, and cancel their future loan qualifications for those involved in high-interest lending. After lending, banks should follow up and supervise the use of loans and punish them in time when problems are found.

　　According to the article in the China Discipline Inspection and Supervision Newspaper, the supervisory committees of multi-disciplinary committees have taken measures to supervise the high-interest lending behavior of public officials. For example, the relevant person in charge of the Supervision Committee of the Wuhua District Commission for Discipline Inspection in Kunming City, Yunnan Province believes that the discipline inspection and supervision organs should urge the financial supervision departments to perform their duties, strengthen supervision over financial institutions to carry out credit granting for public officials, and strictly examine the use of public officials’ loans. The Supervision Committee of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of Nanping City, Fujian Province, combined with the newly revised "Regulations on Reporting Personal Matters of Leading Cadres", strengthened the briefing and problem investigation of untrustworthy public officials, and investigated whether there were problems of high-interest lending and illegal participation in private lending.

　　Published in China Newsweek magazine, No.1103, August 7, 2023.

　　Magazine title: Why do public officials lend money at high interest frequently?

　　Reporter: Zhou Qunfeng (zhouqunfenghaoren@163.com)

　　[New Ideas and Practice of Governing the Country]

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that "in today’s world, if any political party, country or nation can be confident, then the Communist Party of China (CPC), People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Chinese nation have the most reasons to be confident". The Communist Party of China (CPC) has the most reason to be confident. This important assertion shows the confidence and determination of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core to unite and lead the whole party and the people of all nationalities to realize the goal of "two hundred years" and the Chinese nation’s great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream.

　　1. The connotation and boundary of party confidence.

　　The so-called self-confidence of political parties, in today’s historical context, refers to the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s full affirmation of his own value and firm belief in his own vitality. The connotation of party self-confidence can be understood from multiple dimensions.

　　From the subjective dimension, party self-confidence is the result of two-way interaction and joint action between "self" and "the other", and it is the organic unity of "self-confidence" and "Thaksin". "Self-confidence" is embodied in the firm confidence of party member and Party organizations at all levels in the Party, and "Thaksin" is embodied in the trust and confidence of people of all ethnic groups in the Communist Party of China (CPC). Without the trust of the people, the confidence of political parties will be difficult to achieve.

　　From the perspective of time and space, party self-confidence has dual meanings of nation and world, time and space. On the one hand, the party’s self-confidence is based on the unity of historical cognition, realistic evaluation and future expectation, that is, it highly praises communist party’s struggle history for more than 90 years, highly affirms communist party’s realistic performance, and highly expects the development prospect of communist party. On the other hand, the self-confidence of political parties is also based on the rational cognition of the history of international political parties and the history of international communist movement. In today’s world, when it comes to the contribution of a political party to a country and a nation, the Communist Party of China (CPC) is fully qualified and has reason to be confident.

　　From the theme dimension, party confidence is not abstract, but has its specific content. People’s trust in communist party and recognition of communist party are embodied in the recognition of the party’s basic theory, line and program, the development path, system model and values chosen by the party, and the party’s ruling ability, strategic objectives and lofty ideals.

　　Theoretically speaking, the self-confidence of political parties is not blind, but has its theoretical support. History and people’s choice of the Communist Party of China (CPC) is not determined by historical contingency, nor caused by people’s willfulness, but the inherent requirement of the theoretical logic of scientific socialism and the historical logic of China’s social development. In contemporary China, only the Communist Party of China (CPC), armed with Marxist theory, and no other party can shoulder the historical responsibility of national independence, people’s liberation and national prosperity, and can solve the problem of the future and destiny of the Chinese nation.

　　Party confidence is not arrogance. As a rational judgment of the social subject, party confidence is, in the final analysis, a rational self-confidence, a sober self-confidence, a self-confidence with principles, limits and a sense of abiding by borders. Self-confidence of a political party means not to dwarf or belittle itself, but it is not based on dwarfing or belittling other political party systems. The self-confidence of political parties should be an eclectic, open and inclusive self-confidence in essence. Today, our emphasis on maintaining confidence in the Communist Party of China (CPC) does not mean that the Communist Party of China (CPC) is perfect. Self-beauty is self-confidence, and beauty of beauty is also self-confidence. Being complacent is a sign of self-distrust, while narcissism is a sign of blind self-confidence. Whether the Communist Party of China (CPC) can face up to its own shortcomings and absorb the advantages and disadvantages of human political civilization is an important yardstick to measure whether the Communist Party of China (CPC) is really confident or not. The western view of political parties characterized by pride and universal mission is not true self-confidence; The narrow view of political parties oriented towards narcissism and characterized by isolation is not really self-confidence.

　　Party self-confidence and "four self-confidences" are essentially two sides of the same thing. The greatest common denominator of "four self-confidences" is Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and "four self-confidences" is Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s self-confidence in the final analysis. So, what is the relationship between Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the Communist Party of China (CPC)? General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said: "The most essential feature of Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership, and the greatest advantage of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership." In this sense, adhering to the "four self-confidences" implies confidence in the Communist Party of China (CPC); Adhering to the self-confidence of political parties also contains "four self-confidences." Party self-confidence and "four self-confidences" are intrinsically unified in the whole process of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s career.

　　2. The historical logic of party self-confidence.

　　Party self-confidence is not made, but grown. Since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has always been on the way to catch the exam. More than 90 years’ practice has proved that our party has handed over brilliant answers in this historic exam, which is the historical logic of party confidence.

　　First, the Chinese nation’s transition from chaos to governance cannot be separated from the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership.

　　Since modern times, China has gone through three stages: troubled times, managing the world and good governance. From 1840 to 1949, it belonged to the chaotic stage of "no one can manage it". At this time, China’s mountains and rivers were broken, with internal troubles and foreign invasion.

　　In terms of internal worries, in the first and middle of the 19th century, people’s poverty led to the outbreak of Bailian uprising, Taiping Rebellion and Nian Army Uprising. At the end of the 19th century, the Boxer Rebellion with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" appeared. As a result, the Qing Dynasty was not helped up and the foreign countries were not destroyed. At the beginning of the 20th century, the old democratic revolution led by revolutionaries stirred China, and the Qing Empire was tottering. In 1911, the Revolution of 1911 was the final blow, and the Qing Dynasty collapsed. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there was no peace for the warlords. In 1946, the national government tore up the peace agreement and three years of civil war started.

　　As far as foreign invasion is concerned, in 1840, the first Opium War broke out, the British laborers made an expedition, and the door of the Great Qing Dynasty was opened. In 1856, the Second Opium War broke out, and the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and burned the Yuanmingyuan in 1860. In 1883, the Sino-French war broke out, "France won without defeat, and China lost without defeat"; In 1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out and the Beiyang Navy was wiped out. In 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing; In 1931, the Japanese army invaded the northeast and the three northeastern provinces fell; In 1937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way, and most of China fell into the jaws of death. Under the heavy ravages of western powers, the national self-confidence accumulated by the people of China in 5,000 years collapsed.

　　It can be seen that since modern times, the Chinese nation has been plagued by internal troubles and foreign invasion, and the society is in a state of disarray. All political forces outside the Communist Party of China (CPC) are short-lived, and they have become passers-by in a hurry. Since modern times, Chinese has been struggling to save the nation from extinction. The peasant revolution, constitutional monarchy, restoration monarchy, parliamentary system and presidential system have all been thought and tried, but the results have not worked. China is still in troubled times. Finally, the Communist Party of China (CPC) was chosen, and China realized the historical transformation from chaos to governance, which opened a great journey to rebuild national self-confidence.

　　Second, the people of China cannot stand up without the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC).

　　"The people of China have stood up since then!" What a simple declaration, however, without understanding the humiliation of kneeling, it is impossible to understand the meaning of standing and the weight of these words.

　　In modern times, the aftermath of the prosperous time of Kanggan has not gone far, but the fate of the people of China has ushered in a 180-degree turn. Yesterday, Chinese, whose back was still straight, fell into the abyss of kneeling for a living. Today, we can’t forget how humiliating it was that more than a hundred years ago, just over 2,000 troops bombed the heavily guarded Qing port, and just 20,000 troops captured the capital of a big country. We can’t forget how humiliating it was that more than 100 years ago, the garden of ten thousand gardens was set on fire and the vast territory was slaughtered. We can’t forget what a humiliation it was more than 100 years ago, when "Chinese and dogs are not allowed in"!

　　The Revolution of 1911 ended the history of feudal dynasty rule, but it did not end the history of humiliation of the Chinese nation. The Great Qing Dynasty fell, but the people of China did not stand up. We can’t imagine that more than 10,000 Japanese troops in Northeast China occupied Shenyang in one day, Liaoning in one week and the three northeastern provinces in three months. How did this happen? We can’t imagine how North China, Shanghai and Nanjing fell in less than half a year after the Lugouqiao Incident. We can’t imagine that a few Japanese soldiers could drive crowds of Chinese to die, and the Nanjing Massacre was terrible. How did this happen?

　　In fact, the old China was wantonly ravaged by the great powers for only one reason: the spirit has fallen on its knees, not only because of its weak national strength and military strength, but also because of its weak spirit, weak will and weak leaders. It was not until the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s appearance that this situation was fundamentally reversed. The people of China have stood up, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Communist Party of China (CPC) are the mainstay; The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea is not only the founding war of New China, but also Chinese’s rite of passage. Since the people of China stood upright in the east of the world, the balance of wrestling between the East and the West has changed, and the days of bossing around by the West have ended.

　　Third, China’s appearance from waste to prosperity cannot be separated from the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership.

　　Old China, riddled with holes, is in ruins. In the early 1950s, Mao Zedong said in "On Ten Major Relationships": The face of our country is "one is poor, the other is white". Poverty means that there is not much industry and agriculture is not developed. White’ is a blank sheet of paper, and its cultural level and scientific level are not high. " The industry is quite backward, and even daily necessities are imported from abroad. "Foreign fire", "foreign oil" and "foreign cloth" are historical witnesses.

　　The China Miracle is the most important historical event in the world today. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, China’s development achievements have shocked the world and completely got rid of the danger of being expelled from football. From being poor and white, to ranking second in the world in terms of economic aggregate; From the era of "foreign font size" to a complete industrial system; From the lack of food and clothing for the people to entering the ranks of middle-income countries in the world; From the shortage of materials to the top spot in global trade in goods; From isolation to unswervingly promoting economic globalization, China experienced phoenix nirvana and completed a magnificent turn from the edge of the world to the center of the world stage. As General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said, "Now, we are closer to the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation than at any time in history, and we are more confident and capable of achieving this goal than at any time in history." The great success of China Road is enough to support the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s confidence and confidence!

　　3. Theoretical logic of party confidence.

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC) is an advanced political party armed with Marxism. The great victory of revolution, construction and reform led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in China is, in the final analysis, the victory of Marxism and its China, and the victory of scientific socialism. The Communist Party of China (CPC) stood at the commanding heights of science, morality and the overwhelming majority, which is the theoretical logic of party confidence.

　　Self-confidence of political parties stems from the scientific nature of guiding ideology. The Communist Party of China (CPC) always regards Marxism as his guide to action, and insists on constantly enriching and developing Marxism in practice. He is a faithful believer, staunch defender and great practitioner of Marxism. The latest achievements of Marxism and its China-ization constitute the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s "cultural background" and "spiritual soul", and the truth of Marxism constitutes the theoretical cornerstone of party self-confidence. The scientific nature of Marxism lies in that it reveals the development law of human society with irrefutable facts and powerful logic, points out the correct direction for the development of human society and the liberation of all mankind, solves the "historical mystery" for the first time, and lays an ideological peak that is hard to reach so far. Today’s world is advancing according to the development track described by Marx. The new changes of capitalism and the new trend of economic globalization are continuing to confirm Marxism rather than falsify it. China’s historic practice and the great success of China Road have strongly witnessed the scientific nature of Marxism. "Marx" is still a huge figure that cannot be bypassed in the 21st century. Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are still scientific tools for people to correctly understand the world, predict the future, and formulate action countermeasures. The basic principles and spirit of Marxism are still followed by the Communist Party of China (CPC), and the latest achievements of Marxism in China are still the ideological weapons for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to govern the country. The doctrine we believe in is the truth of the universe, which is the biggest reason for our firm party’s confidence.

　　Party self-confidence stems from the supremacy of value pursuit. In the final analysis, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s value pursuit is the value pursuit of Marxism. Marxism unswervingly pursues fairness, justice and common prosperity, the freedom, democracy and human rights of the proletariat, and the free and all-round development of everyone. Isn’t this more practical and useful than the abstract value pursuit of the West? What reason do we have to belittle it? Marx studied the law of the development of human society all his life, with the aim of criticizing capitalism and burying it. As long as there is exploitation, oppression and inequality in this world, "Marx" will always live in the hearts of working people and all upright people who pursue progress and justice, and communism will always be a banner for people to pursue liberation. What reason do we have to abandon it? Communist party’s ideal society in the future has got rid of the double slavery of power and capital, eliminated exploitation and oppression, spread fairness and justice everywhere, and everyone can develop freely and comprehensively. Isn’t this the most ideal society, and why should we refuse it? Communist party stood on the moral high ground, which is the greatest confidence of our firm political party.

　　The self-confidence of a political party stems from the people’s nature of its political stance. The people’s trust and support are the source of strength and mystery of the party’s self-confidence. The people’s position is communist party’s fundamental political position, representing the people’s interests is all communist party’s interests, and serving the people is communist party’s fundamental purpose. "People" is the true belief of communist party people, which is completely different from bourgeois political parties and is the fundamental sign that the Communist Party of China (CPC) is different from and superior to all other political parties. Bourgeois political parties represent the interests of capital, "capital" is the real master and the only master of capitalist society, and capital logic is the eternal political logic. The Communist Party of China (CPC), on the other hand, is always on the side of the overwhelming majority, which is the greatest strength to strengthen the confidence of our party.

　　4. The confident world vision of political parties.

　　With the transformation of national history into world history, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s historical position should also be examined from the perspective of the world.

　　First, from the perspective of ruling ability, the political party system with characteristics of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China has distinct comparative advantages.

　　Compared with the western political model of separation of powers, multi-party election and taking turns to sit in the village, China’s political system is characterized by adhering to the organic unity of party leadership, people being masters of the country and governing the country according to law, and implementing the people’s congress system, multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China (CPC), regional ethnic autonomy system and grass-roots mass autonomy system. The comparative advantages of China’s political system are roughly as follows:

　　The ability of social integration. The political party system with China’s characteristics can effectively integrate social resources, concentrate on major events, overcome the disadvantages of mutual conflicts and constraints between different parties and interest groups, and avoid "polarized" politics and "veto regime" that are opposed for the sake of opposition. For example, American scholar Fukuyama believes that "polarized" politics has become the mainstream in the United States, and "veto politics" is prevalent, which is related to the long-term reform.

　　The strength of strategic planning. One of the advantages of China’s political system is that it can formulate long-term development plans, maintain the stability and continuity of major policies, and link today’s cause with tomorrow’s cause. The current interests are combined with long-term interests, and the local interests are consistent with the overall interests, without being affected by the change of political parties in the West. This is simply impossible in those countries that change the ruling party in a "merry-go-round" way.

　　Efficiency of decision-making. The Communist Party of China (CPC) advocates rejuvenating the country by hard work, speaking with facts, responding to emerging challenges in a timely manner, advancing things in an orderly manner, and "doing things one after another" for long-term matters, which is unimaginable in those western countries that "do things one after another" or even "do things one after another".

　　A system of selecting talents and appointing people. The training and selection mechanism of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s ruling team also has advantages, such as orderly replacement of national leadership, emphasis on grass-roots experience and multi-level experience, free from the constraints of consortia, populism and acting tricks, which can avoid the election of rich spokesmen, populist leaders or mediocre politicians.

　　Mechanism of self-purification. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has not made mistakes, but unlike other political parties, the Communist Party of China (CPC) can correct his own mistakes. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our party has made remarkable achievements in punishing corruption and curbing the "four winds", which shows the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s ability and determination to purify and improve itself.

　　Second, judging from the ruling effect, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s report card is hard to compare with that of any other political party in the world.

　　In the history of the world’s political parties, who can shoulder the two major historical responsibilities of "saving the nation from extinction (revolution)" and "national rejuvenation (construction)"? As American scholar Fei Zhengqing said, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has created a "revolutionary world miracle" in the past and a "developing world miracle" today. This is the greatest political, economic and social change of mankind so far. No nation in the world has experienced such a great institutional change and such a rapid increase in wealth in such a short time.

　　In terms of system reform, the Communist Party of China (CPC) united and led the people of China to complete the new-democratic revolution and achieved a great leap from feudal autocracy to people’s democracy. Completed the socialist revolution and established the basic socialist system, which laid the fundamental political premise and institutional foundation for all the development and progress of contemporary China; It started a new great revolution of reform and opening up, established the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, and achieved a great leap for the people of China from standing up to becoming rich and strong. The institutional model initiated by the Communist Party of China (CPC) has defended the diversity of political civilization, provided a "China plan" for the development of human society, and proved that the western political model is not the only and universal plan.

　　In terms of wealth growth, China has created an earth-shattering development miracle in the history of human social development in the past 30 years. In dollar terms, China’s GDP in 2016 is roughly equivalent to 2 Japanese, 3 German, 4 British, 5 Indian, 6 Italian, 7 Canadian and 8 Russian. More than 700 million people have been lifted out of poverty, contributing 70% to global poverty reduction. Data don’t lie, facts are the most convincing. Brilliant report card is the profound reason why the Communist Party of China (CPC) can avoid the pendulum effect of western political parties and win people’s long-term trust. However, when some people in the West praise China’s development achievements, they often bypass the political party factor intentionally or unintentionally. In fact, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership is the most essential feature and the greatest advantage of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it also constitutes the key password of China’s miracle. You can’t decode contemporary China without understanding the Communist Party of China (CPC).

　　Thirdly, in terms of the problems faced, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has achieved better results in a shorter time and at a lower cost under the double test of time and space compression.

　　China is a very unique sample. It has a huge territory, a long historical depth, a large population, multi-ethnic and multi-religious, and the high-quality genes of Chinese culture coexist with feudal dross. The difficulty of governing such a country is incomparable to other countries. Compared with the West, China’s problems show typical characteristics of "time-space compression".

　　Let’s look at time compression first. China has spent more than 30 years on the road that developed countries in the west have traveled for more than 100 years or even hundreds of years. The problems of corruption, environmental problems and the gap between the rich and the poor, which are concentrated in China today, have gradually emerged in the west for a long time span. For example, in the United States, separatist contradictions broke out in the 1860s, corruption in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and environmental problems broke out after World War II, while polarization has continued to this day and is becoming more and more intense. It can be seen that these universal contradictions are diachronic in western countries, but they have become synchronic in our country; The western ruling party can solve these problems in turn, but our party should solve them simultaneously, which obviously doubles the pressure on communist party. However, compared with western countries at the same stage of development and emerging economies at the same stage of development, China’s governance is much better, the severity of contradictions is much lighter and the cost is much smaller.

　　Let’s look at space compression. The development of China can only be planned based on its own territory, and the problem of China can only be solved by its own strength, which is totally different from the logic of the development of western powers. In the past, great powers supported their own development through colonial plunder. For example, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, France and Britain all developed under the support of huge colonies several times, ten times or even dozens of times larger than their own territories, and all tried their best to transfer and export domestic contradictions and risks to the whole world. Today, China can’t repeat the old road of colonial expansion, transferring risks and exporting contradictions by western powers. Peaceful development, risk sharing and mutual benefit are our only options; The development of China has not caused trouble to other countries, but has become a smooth ride for the development of other countries; In the past, China made "contributions" to the development of western powers through land cession, reparations and concessions. However, today, western countries set up many obstacles to our development through Xinjiang, Tibet, Taiwan, Hong Kong, terrorism, the South China Sea, exchange rate, market economy status, military threats and diplomatic containment. It can be seen that China is developing in the cracks of the West, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) is becoming more and more confident in meeting the challenges.

　　5. Dialectical wisdom of self-confidence of political parties.

　　Now, a few people lack the confidence of political parties. In my opinion, if we exclude the position factor, this kind of emotion still has its objective background. China does face many problems today, such as unbalanced regional development and challenges to solve; Corruption and the "four winds" problem once flooded the country, seriously overdrawing the people’s trust; Wait a minute. The Communist Party of China (CPC), as the ruling party, is also the responsible subject of course, and it seems natural for the board to hit itself.

　　So, how should we treat the problems existing in contemporary China? The author thinks that there is a methodological problem, that is, we must adhere to the scientific methodology.

　　First, we should look at the problem in a dialectical way. When you look at anything, you should say two words and oppose any one-sidedness The whole history of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has a major side and a minor side; There are both successes and problems. We should see both sides. At the same time, these "two sides" are primary and secondary, and they are important. Among them, achievements are the main ones, and problems are not the main ones. Looking at problems depends on the mainstream and grasping the main side. Looking at the Communist Party of China (CPC), we should not only boldly affirm our achievements, but also bravely face the problems. You can’t ignore the problem and be blind and confident because of your great achievements; We must not deny our achievements and lose confidence because of problems. It is wrong in method and dangerous in practice to take a one-sided view of problems and blame all problems on the Communist Party of China (CPC), and fail to see the uniqueness and comparative advantages of China’s political system.

　　The second is to look at the problem from the essential height. Everything, the phenomenon is intuitive and naked, and the key is to grasp the essence. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the window has been opened, and fresh air will come in, as will flies and mosquitoes. The process of China going to the world is also the process of the world going to China. In this process, some negative things in the west will come with the wind, but the open China has not lost itself and alienated itself. For example, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s political stance of putting the people first, the development goal of common prosperity, the value pursuit of fairness and justice, the great dream of national rejuvenation and the lofty ideal of communism have not changed. On the contrary, under the complicated background of "drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe" and western containment, the Communist Party of China (CPC) defended and developed socialism. With his historic practice, the Communist Party of China (CPC) declared the end of the "final conclusion of history", the bankruptcy of "Western centralism", the bias of the linear historical view that "there is no other way but capitalism", the broad prospect of socialism in the 21st century and the broad value of Marxism in the world.

　　The third is to look at the problem from the historical trend. History always follows a tortuous road and rushes to the other side of the ideal. The problems faced by contemporary China belong to developing problems, which are symptoms of adolescence and growing pains. These problems can be effectively solved through the reform of various institutional mechanisms, the self-improvement and self-development of the socialist system, and the self-purification within the party. For example, building a well-off society in an all-round way has made us see the hope that all people can share the fruits of reform and development, comprehensively deepening reform has made us see the hope of modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity, comprehensively administering the country according to law has made us see the hope of building a China ruled by law, and comprehensively administering the party strictly has made us see the hope of building a clean and honest politics. In a word, China will constantly surpass the reality and tend to the ideal in the reform and development, which is the general trend of contemporary China and the great logic of historical evolution. Perhaps this process is gradual, but we are already on the right path.

　　6. Consolidate the confidence of political parties in the course of reform and development.

　　The problem is indelible and inescapable. Facing the problem directly, analyzing the problem and solving the problem are the logic of the problem development; When the old problems are solved, new problems will appear again, and so on. This is the logic of historical development.

　　Even if a political party has thousands of reasons, there is no reason why it cannot solve the outstanding contradictions and problems in society. History chose communist party because communist party confronted the "three big mountains" that weighed on the people of China at that time and solved the big problems of national independence, people’s liberation and people’s happiness that no other party could solve. The people chose communist party because communist party represents the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people and has solved the major problems of concern to hundreds of millions of people.

　　The self-confidence of political parties has never been established, and it cannot be regarded as something that has been completed and finalized; It is open, generated and unfinished, and party self-confidence can only be reasonably understood as a process, a process of continuous generation and continuous achievement.

　　History will not end, and reform and development will have confidence. Party confidence is not a slogan, but an action. Party self-confidence is essentially a kind of practical self-confidence. In other words, whether the Communist Party of China (CPC) has self-confidence depends on how communist party does it. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has dared to take responsibility and forge ahead, insisting on the goal of "two hundred years" and working day and night on the great journey of national rejuvenation. The supply-side structural reform kicked off, and the economic giant was moving steadily under the new normal of economic development; Precision poverty alleviation has become a national strategy, and poverty alleviation has been accelerated; Cure haze, defend the blue sky, blow the signal, and green China is put on the agenda. At the same time, the AIIB, which was established in China, was formally established and opened, actively promoted the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, participated in the reform of the global governance system, and promoted the building of a community of human destiny, with a growing circle of friends. The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s reform measures and development ideas not only focus on itself and the world, but also provide a "China plan" for mankind while solving its own problems, which promotes its own development and also drives the world to develop together. Every step forward in China’s reform and development will lay a solid foundation for the confidence of political parties.

　　In short, the confidence of political parties has never been innate, nor is it once and for all. Today, profound changes have taken place in the world, national conditions and party feelings, and the confidence of political parties cultivated in reality is more vital and lasting.

　　 (Author: Chen Shuguang, a professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee)