Crops’ girlfriends and close friends
1. Corn and soybean are close friends. Corn likes to eat nitrogen fertilizer, and soybeans produce nitrogen fertilizer through nodules. Except for a small part of it, most of it is selflessly supplied to corn, and corn can secrete higher carbohydrates to provide nutrition for rhizobia needed by soybeans.
2, vegetable farmers grow a single kind of vegetables, often pests occur more seriously, if you can plant some irritating vegetables such as garlic, onion, leek, pepper, then pests are not willing to approach. Onion is adjacent to wheat or pea, and the secretion of onion will kill the spores of wheat smut or the black spot of pea in a few seconds. Onions, like green doctors, can protect their neighbors and make them harvest well.
3. Garlic and cotton are planted together. Garlic emits a fungicide, which can drive aphids out of the country. Other pests will smell this gas and run away.
4. Planting a few castor trees beside the soybean field can make the scarab escape.
5. Plant a tall sorghum at a distance of 1.5-2 meters on both sides of the cotton border ditch, so that sorghum aphids can attract aphid-eating natural enemies such as aphid bees, spiders, ladybugs and syrphids to control cotton aphids, feed on the eggs and young larvae of cotton bollworm, and intercrop 200-300 sorghum or corn every 700 square meters, which will not affect cotton production, but also prevent cotton from lodging caused by wind and rain.
6. Intercropping potato with barley can make barley get high yield. This is not only because they need different nutrients and can make full use of soil fertility, but also because the leaves of potatoes secrete a substance that can promote the vigorous growth of barley like growth hormone.
7. Intercropping 300-400 lettuce and mint evenly per mu in cruciferous vegetable fields such as Chinese cabbage. Because lettuce and mint contain alkaloids, volatile oil or other chemicals, the cabbage butterfly that harms cruciferous vegetables will be avoided under the stimulation of the odor emitted by lettuce and mint.
8. Planting green manure, beans and peanuts in the orchard can not only enrich the soil, control weeds, but also promote the growth and fruiting of fruit trees.
9. Planting wheat under jujube trees can basically not shade wheat, and can also reduce the threat of dry and hot wind before wheat matures. At the same time, the fertilizer and water of wheat are also beneficial to the growth of jujube trees.
10. If nematodes are seriously harmful in the orchard, you can plant longevity grass or asparagus in the garden, so that the underground fruit tree nematodes will not conceive and reproduce.
11. Plant some Trollius chinensis beside pear trees and apple trees. Because these roots can absorb the secretion of Trollius chinensis roots, the occurrence of pests and diseases is also light.
12. Cherry and apple are born together. If they are planted together, each can emit a volatile gas, which absorbs each other and promotes growth and development. The fruit is especially sweet.
13. Robinia pseudoacacia and poplar are "friends", Robinia pseudoacacia is a shallow-rooted tree species, and poplar is a deep-rooted tree species, which do not compete for water and fertilizer, and rhizobia of Robinia pseudoacacia can supply nitrogen fixation to poplar and promote its growth.
14. If cucumbers and beans are planted together, they will be full of vitality and the output will increase greatly.
15. Intercropping corn with Chinese cabbage can reduce many diseases of Chinese cabbage. Intercropping corn with Chinese cabbage can reduce virus disease of Chinese cabbage by more than 20%, white spot disease by 18%, and the occurrence of soft rot and downy mildew of Chinese cabbage is obviously reduced because the field temperature is 0.5℃ lower than that of single cropping field and the ground temperature is 2℃ lower.
16. Intercropping corn with hot (green) pepper can reduce the disease of hot (green) pepper. Because of the shading effect of corn, pepper sunburn and virus disease are reduced by 72% compared with single cropping field; Intercropping corn and green pepper can reduce the virus disease of green pepper by 56.9%.
17. Mixed planting of corn and peas will benefit each other and both will increase production.
18. Intercropping potato with garlic can inhibit the occurrence of potato late blight.
19. Intercropping cucumber with corn can reduce the outbreak of cucumber virus disease. Planting cucumber in maize rows can reduce cucumber mosaic by 61.6%.
20. Intercropping ginger and bitter gourd in greenhouse can advance the time for ginger to go on the market. Ginger is not resistant to high temperature and strong light, and grows well in the shade. Planting ginger in greenhouse and planting bitter gourd on both sides can make both bitter gourd and ginger harvest well.
21. Planting Chinese cabbage, celery and amaranth under the cucumber shed can get a bumper harvest.
22, eggplant intercropping green onions and leeks to control ants.
23. Intercropping pepper and cucumber in greenhouse can effectively control pepper anthracnose and cucumber downy mildew.
24. Intercropping cruciferous vegetables such as Chinese cabbage with lettuce to repel Pieris rapae.
25. Intercropping Chinese chives with Chinese cabbages to control soft rot of Chinese cabbages.
26, tomato and cabbage intercropping to repel cabbage pests.
27. Planting calendula with Chinese rose can effectively control soil nematodes and make Chinese rose grow sturdily.
28, grapes and violets are planted together, and the grapes produced are more fragrant.
29. Intercropping peony and Paeonia lactiflora can obviously promote the growth of peony, making peony flourish and colorful.
30. Red rosewood and maple, elderberry and spruce, walnut and hawthorn, chestnut and Chinese pine can promote each other.
31. Lily and rose can be planted or put together in bottles, which can prolong the flowering period.
32. When camellia, camellia, camellia safflower and camellia seed are put together, mold can be obviously reduced.
33, Zhu Dinghong and cordate telosma, camellia red onion, pomegranate and sunflower, Ze hydrangea and rose, a bunch of red and pea flowers together, both sides are beneficial. Pine, poplar and Caragana together, all have good effects.
34. If the nasturtium lappa L. with a flowering period of only one day is put together with cypress trees, the flowering period can be extended to three days.
35. Camellia, camellia, safflower oil tea, etc., placed together with Litsea cubeba, can significantly reduce mildew.
Onions and carrots are good friends, and their smells can repel pests from each other.
opponents bearing grudges/enmity
1. The secretion of Robinia pseudoacacia and Lilac can inhibit the growth of nearby flowers and trees, and Lilac and Violet cannot be mixed.
2. The leaves and roots of walnut can secrete a substance, which has inhibitory effect on flowers and trees of Rosa such as begonia and various herbaceous flowers.
3. It is not suitable to plant fir trees around peach trees.
4. Grapes should not be intercropped with Ulmus pumila.
5. Elm cannot be intercropped with oak and birch.
6. Pine trees and spruce cannot be interplanted.
7. The secretion of Sambucus williamsii root system inhibits the growth of pine and poplar.
8, all kinds of flowers planted next to fruit trees, will accelerate the flower withering.
9. Narcissus and lily of the valley can’t be neighbors. When they grow together, they will "mutually perish together".
10. Cloves planted next to lily of the valley will wither immediately.
11. The scent of cloves will also endanger the life of daffodils.
12. Keeping lilacs, violets, tulips and forget-me-not together will hurt each other.
13, mint, rose and other flowers that can secrete aromatic substances have a certain inhibitory effect on the ecology of neighboring flowers.
14, juniper and pear, begonia don’t plant together, lest the latter suffer from rust, leading to deciduous fruit.
15, roses and mignonette together, the former crowd out the latter, so that a total of withering; And luteolin will release a chemical substance before and after withering, which will poison the rose and kill it.
16, mature apples, bananas, etc., if put together with the blooming roses, Chinese rose, daffodils, etc., the ethylene released by the former will make the potted flowers wither early, thus shortening the viewing period.
17. The leaves, skins and roots of oleander secrete phlogiston and juglone, which will harm other flowers.
18, hydrangea and jasmine, dahlia and rose, daffodils and lily of the valley, roses and cloves planted together, will make both sides or one of them suffer. Pine trees can’t coexist with elderberry, which can not only strongly inhibit the growth of pine trees, but also prevent the pine nuts under the adjacent elderberry from sprouting, and it can’t crowd out the growth of Populus davidiana. Pine trees are antagonistic to ash machinery, spruce, oak and birch, and as a result, pine trees wither. Cypress and citrus reticulata are not easy to grow.
19. Clove, mint and laurel can secrete a lot of aromatic substances, which have an inhibitory effect on the ecology of adjacent plants. It is best not to put them together with other potted flowers for a long time; The volatile oil of juniper contains ether and trichlorotetraalkyl, which will slow down the respiration of other flowers and plants and stop their growth, showing a poisoning phenomenon.
20. Cabbage and mustard are a pair of "enemies". If they get along, they will "both lose".
21. The chemical substances secreted by hemp, mustard and flax have obvious inhibitory effects on wheat.
22. Sunflowers, tomatoes, apples and pumpkins will promote the occurrence of potato late blight.
23. If cypress trees are planted next to the grapes, the grapes will be difficult to mature.
24. Mustard and castor are planted together. Although castor is taller and stronger than mustard, it has an advantage in competing for sunlight, air and water. However, a large number of leaves at the lower part of castor always die because the secretion of mustard is harmful to the growth of castor.
25. The weeds of sonchus oleraceus have grown in the field, and the crops around them, even the tall crops such as corn and sorghum, will be yellow. This is because the roots of sonchus oleraceus will secrete a narcotic toxin, which can inhibit the killing of this crop.
26. The influence of this close relationship between crops is not only manifested in the common growth period of the same year, but also leaves sequela, which continues to harm the next crop. Buckwheat is like this to corn. When corn is planted in the field where buckwheat has been planted, although there is sufficient fertilizer and water and proper management, the corn will never grow well, that is, it will not yield high.
Tips
What is the reason for this close relationship between crops? It turns out that many crops secrete some gas or juice in their bodies. Such as various volatile oils, organic acids, alkaloids, etc. Some of these secretions are released from leaves, stems and flowers, and some are released from roots. The secretions of one crop may promote the growth of another crop, and some indirectly affect other crops through the activities of various microorganisms and pests. These phenomena tell us that planting must be arranged scientifically according to the wonderful relationship of crops, and only in this way can we obtain higher yield.
Mixing of pesticides
For some pesticide varieties, reasonable mixing can improve the control effect, reduce the dosage and reduce the labor cost. Today, I will introduce 22 pesticide mixing prescriptions for the reference of farmers.
1. The mixture of captan and Bacillus subtilis can obviously prevent and control the continuous cropping diseases of crops;
2. The mixture of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and wax buds can prevent and control the blight and blight of melon crops;
3. The mixed application of fluorosilicone and organic copper can accelerate the healing speed of melon blight;
4, pyrazolyl azoxystrobin and thifluzamide are mixed to prolong the efficacy period of citrus sand skin disease;
5. Hydramycin mixed with hymexazol or metsulfuron or hymexazol can prevent and control many root diseases of crops;
6. The conventional agents for controlling downy mildew and epidemic diseases can be mixed with organic copper preparations, which can improve the drug effect by more than 50%;
7. Organic copper preparation mixed with benzprochloraz and iodine solution can effectively control cucumber target spot disease;
8. The mixture of prochloraz and iprodione has a remarkable effect on controlling leaf spot and anthracnose of leafy vegetables.
9. The mixture of avermectin and 44% propionyl chloride can effectively control rice borers;
10. The mixture of emamectin benzoate and tebufenozide can prolong the control efficacy of noctuid pests;
11. The mixture of emamectin benzoate and chlorfenuron can effectively control rice leaf roller and fruit tree moth;
12. The mixture of spirodiclofen and abamectin has a good effect on controlling pear psylla.
13. The mixture of abamectin and spirotetramat has a remarkable effect on controlling whitefly, aphid and thrips.
14. The mixture of emamectin benzoate and chlorfenapyr has the function of killing both insects and mites;
15. The mixture of snail ethyl ester and buprofezin or chlorpyrifos is safe and efficient to control scale insects;
16, the mixture of monosultap and chlorpyrifos can greatly improve the control efficacy of ginger borer;
17. Mixed pyridaben and thiamethoxam to control jumping beetles;
18. The mixture of abamectin and diflubenzuron can control leaf miner pests;
19. The mixture of thiamethoxam and bifenthrin can control ground maggots and leek maggots.
20. The mixture of abamectin and pyridaben or triazole and bifenthrin can control red spider and white spider in fruit trees;
21. The mixture of chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos can effectively control Noctuidae;
22. The mixture of oxyfluorfen and pendimethalin has a remarkable effect in killing young grass, preventing and controlling broadleaf and grasses.
Basic knowledge of seed industry
1. What is thoroughbred breeding?
Breeding of improved varieties and breeding are two different and inseparable stages of breeding. Breeding belongs to innovation, while breeding of improved varieties belongs to expansion, consolidation and improvement. There are three conditions for breeding improved varieties: first, Excellence (superiority and excellent traits); The second is uniformity (the characters are neat and consistent); The third is transitivity (Excellence and uniformity should be passed on to future generations).
2. What is the task of improved seed breeding?
There are three main tasks of improved variety breeding: first, variety replacement, that is, replacing old varieties with new varieties that have performed well in regional tests; The second is variety renewal, that is, replacing the same variety that has been degraded in production with the original seed that has been purified and rejuvenated; Third, improved seed breeding units should earnestly do a good job in improved seed breeding, selective processing, packaging and storage, and brand sales to ensure the purity and quality of improved seeds.
3. What is the significance of improved seed breeding?
Only when an excellent variety is planted in a large area, can it give full play to its excellent species and truly achieve "more harvest without increasing labor and fertilizer", which is meaningful for developing agriculture and increasing farmers’ income.
When a new superior variety is popularized, the seed quantity is very small at the beginning, but the seed demand of the seed user is often large, and the contradiction between supply and demand is inevitable. The effective way to solve this contradiction is to speed up the breeding of improved varieties, and do a good job in removing impurities, removing inferiority and purifying and rejuvenating in the process of breeding, so as to increase agricultural production and farmers’ income.
4. What is a variety?
Variety is an important means of production for sowing in agricultural production. It is formed in the long-term cultivation process of human beings and is a group that adapts to certain environmental conditions and cultivation technical conditions.
Generally speaking, varieties are divided into conventional varieties and hybrids, such as wheat 8901 and Jimai 37. Maize Zhengdan 958 and Xingkang No.2 are hybrids.
5. What is an excellent variety?
Different varieties of the same crop species, after more than two years of regular regional trials and regional demonstrations in the local area, the planting performance is obviously better than other varieties. The so-called excellent varieties should meet five conditions: (1) wide adaptability; (2) Strong resistance; (3) Good precocity; (4) high and stable yield; (5) Excellent quality.
6. What is the original seed?
To sum up: the best seed of a certain variety. Include two meanings: (1) newly cultivate seeds with stable characters; (2) Popularize the fine seeds that have been purified and rejuvenated and kept the typical characters of the original varieties.
7. What is a hybrid generation?
The so-called hybrid seed is to use two different types or different parents of the same type as parents to cross, and the first generation of seeds obtained is called hybrid generation, which has strong heterosis, manifested in high yield, strong stress resistance, lodging resistance, pests and diseases resistance and wide adaptability. This is called "heterosis" because it has stronger growth potential and better productivity and resilience than its parents.
8. What can’t the second generation of hybrid be used for planting?
The reason for the heterosis of the first hybrid generation is that they come from two parents with different genetic genes and form a double hereditary zygote through fertilization, which can make the first hybrid generation show strong heterosis.
The second generation of hybrid will produce segregation phenomenon, and the yield will drop significantly, generally by 20 ~ 30%, and some hybrids will reduce the yield even more. Therefore, it cannot be used as seed in field production.
9. What is the hybrid degeneration of varieties?
In the process of planting, excellent varieties will be mixed and degraded due to sowing, harvesting, drying and storage, which makes them unable to play a lasting role in increasing production of improved varieties. "Miscellaneous" refers to mixing with other varieties, resulting in impurity. "Degeneration" means that due to various reasons, the variety itself mutates, the good seeds deteriorate, the yield decreases and the cultivation value is lost.
10. What are the reasons for the mixed degradation of varieties? It comes down to three kinds;
(1) mechanical mixing. It is mainly caused by the unclean cleaning of utensils and places during sowing, harvesting, threshing, transportation, drying and storage, and the careless mixing of other varieties during storage.
(2) Biological hybridity. Even for self-pollinated crops, the hybridization rate is within 4%, and there are opportunities for natural hybridization; Cross-pollinating crops is easier. The offspring of natural hybridization will be separated, and some of them will get better and some will get worse. If you don’t pay attention to selection, you will be mixed and degraded.
(3) The influence of bad cultivation conditions. Due to the change of environmental conditions, some excellent characters of improved varieties have bad variation.
Among these reasons, the main reason is mechanical hybridity. Because of mechanical hybridization, biological hybridization is easy to occur, and biological hybridization breaks the structure of the original genetic material and shakes the heredity of the original variety, so it is easy to undergo natural variation under the influence of environmental conditions.
11. How to purify and rejuvenate conventional seeds and produce simple original seeds?
There are two ways to produce original seeds or simple original seeds:
(1) The method of purifying and rejuvenating plants can be used for major crops. This method is simple, effective and can increase production significantly. The specific methods include three links: single plant selection, line comparison and hybrid breeding. The single plant was selected from the field with high purity, and the plants were compared in the first year. In the second year, select the superior and remove the inferior, then breed the original seed nursery in mixed system, plant the simple original seed field in the third year, and plant the seeds in the field after harvesting. This method is applicable to breeding units and improved seed production and sales units.
(2) Ear selection method or chip selection method. First, select panicles and keep seeds according to the amount of seeds used; The second is to do a good job in getting rid of impurities and bad things in the plots to be planted. This method is applicable to the farmers’ own seed.
12. How to keep seeds of beans?
Beans: Leguminosae plants in a broad sense are included, such as soybean, broad bean, peas, green beans, lentils and peanuts. After harvesting in Taneda, the cut or uprooted seed plants are air-dried, and the plants are left to ripen, and then the shells are removed after the busy agricultural season.
The advantage of leaving the plant for ripening is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in the seeds, and it is a safe storage method to protect the viability of the seeds. The seeds are protected by pods outside, which can buffer the moisture change of the seeds.
13, grain purification rejuvenation technology
Breeding of improved varieties and breeding are two different and inseparable stages of breeding. Breeding belongs to innovation, while breeding of improved varieties belongs to expansion, consolidation and improvement. There are three conditions for breeding improved varieties: first, Excellence (superiority and excellent traits); The second is uniformity (the characters are neat and consistent); The third is transitivity (Excellence and uniformity should be passed on to future generations).
14. What is seed inspection?
Seed inspection is also called seed identification. Seed testing is a scientific method to test the quality of seeds. In agricultural production, seed refers to seeds in a broad sense, that is, it refers to all sowing materials, including botanical seeds, such as seeds of beans, cotton and rape, and botanical fruits, such as fruits of rice, wheat, millet and millet, as well as some botanical vegetative organs, such as potato tubers, sweet potato tubers and sugarcane stems.
Seed quality includes two aspects: variety quality and sowing quality. Variety quality refers to the authenticity and purity of seeds.
Sowing quality can be summarized in several words, namely: clean, full, strong, healthy and dry.
15. What are the grading standards for seeds?
Purity, cleanliness, germination rate, moisture
16, cereal seed grading standard?
Among cereal crops, wheat and corn are mainly planted in our city. The grading standards of these two crops are:
The purity of the original wheat seed is not less than 99.9%, the purity is not less than 98.0%, the germination rate is not less than 85%, and the moisture content is not higher than 13.0%;
Improved wheat varieties, the purity is not less than 99.0%, the purity is not less than 98.0%, the germination rate is not less than 85%, and the moisture content is not higher than 13.0%;
Maize single cross:
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of the first-class corn are not less than 98.0%, 98.0%, 85% and 13.0%, respectively.
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of the single cross seed of secondary corn are not less than 96.0%, 98.0%, 85% and 13.0% respectively.
17, fiber seed grading standards
Among fiber crops, cotton is mainly planted in our city, and the grading standard of cotton is as follows
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of the original cotton seed are not less than 99.0%, 97.0%, 70% and 12.0% respectively.
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of fine cotton seeds are not less than 95.0%, 97.0% and 70% respectively.
The purity, purity, germination rate, and moisture content of bare-seeded cotton are not less than 99.0%, 99.0%, 80% and 12.0% respectively.
Fine cotton varieties with bare seeds have a purity of not less than 95.0%, a purity of not less than 99.0%, a germination rate of not less than 80% and a moisture content of not more than 12.0%;
18, oil seed grading standards
Among oil crops, rape and peanuts are mainly planted in our city. Rape is divided into conventional rape seeds and hybrid rape seeds.
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of conventional rapeseed seed are not less than 99.0%, 98.0%, 90% and 9.0% respectively.
Conventional rapeseed varieties have a purity of not less than 95.0%, a purity of not less than 98.0%, a germination rate of not less than 90% and a moisture content of not more than 9.0%;
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of the original peanut seed are not less than 99.0%, 98.0%, 75% and 10.0% respectively.
Peanut varieties, purity not less than 96.0%, purity not less than 98.0%, germination rate not less than 75%, moisture not more than 10.0%;
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of the first-class hybrid rapeseed are not less than 90.0%, 97.0%, 80% and 9.0% respectively.
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of the second-grade hybrid rapeseed are not less than 83.0%, 97.0%, 80% and 9.0% respectively.
19. What is the content of variety purity inspection?
Variety purity includes two meanings: first, it refers to the authenticity of seeds, that is, whether the seeds tested are worthy of the name; Secondly, it refers to the percentage of the seeds (or plants) of this variety in the seeds (or plants) for inspection, that is, the variety purity of this batch of seeds.
Testing the purity of varieties can be divided into two parts: field testing and indoor testing. Field inspection is to check the purity of varieties in the field during the growth period of crops, and to check the infection degree of pests and weeds, as well as the growth status and lodging situation in the field. Indoor inspection refers to taking seed samples back indoors for inspection after harvesting and threshing crops. The main purpose is to understand the authenticity and variety purity of seeds.
Variety purity inspection must be closely combined with field inspection and indoor inspection, and field inspection is the main method.
20. What are the main characteristics to identify the purity of cotton varieties?
Identification of cotton variety purity should be carried out at seedling stage, budding stage, flowering stage, boll opening stage and different growth stages. The identified characters are mainly plant characters, leaf characters, boll characters and cottonseed characters.
(1) Plant characteristics:
(1) Stem: the height and thickness of the stem, the presence and amount of fuzz; Stem colors are purple and green.
② Plant shape: tower shape, cylinder shape, loose or compact, etc.
③ Posture of fruit branches: parallel, inclined and drooping.
(2) Leaf characteristics:
① Cotyledons: The shape, size and color of cotyledons.
② True leaves: true leaf size, the number and depth of leaf cracks, the depth of leaf color, the degree of leaf luster, the number and length of leaf fuzz.
(3) The characteristics of the bell, including the shape, size and color of the bell.
(4) Cottonseed characteristics: including average fiber length, fiber uniformity, cottonseed shape and color; There are many kinds of short fibers.
21. What are the main characters to identify the purity of maize varieties?
Identification of the purity of maize varieties should be carried out at different growth stages, such as seedling stage, jointing stage and tasseling and spinning stage. The identified characters are mainly plant type, number of branches of male spike, anther color, glume protection color, filament color, bract color and stem color.
22. How to observe the seed purity?
In the absence of inspection instruments, observe the purity of seeds, spread some samples on the sample tray or hand, roughly calculate the number of samples first, then tilt the hand or sample tray and shake it slowly to make the seeds flow evenly downwards, and observe the amount of impurities in the hand or plate after the flow.
23. How to distinguish net seeds, other plant seeds and impurities when determining seed clarity?
Net seed: All the species that belong to the analysis can be clearly identified in the seed structure (except those that have become sclerotia, smut spore mass or linear gall). Even immature, thin, shriveled, diseased or germinated seeds are regarded as net seeds. It usually includes complete seed units and damaged seed units larger than half the original size.
Other plant seeds: any plant seed unit except net seeds, including weed seeds and exotic crop seeds.
Impurities: seed units and all other substances and structures except net seeds and other plant seeds.
24, determine the purity of the sample with how much weight is appropriate?
The number of samples to determine the purity is closely related to the size and weight of seeds. Generally, there are fewer small seeds and more large seeds. The specified sample weights of some crops in common use are as follows:
900g of corn and peas, 500g of soybeans and 450g of bitter gourd,
120g of wheat, barley and mung beans, 350g of cotton and 90g of sorghum,
250 grams of watermelon, 200 grams of sunflower and 1000 grams of peanut,
70g of cucumber, melon and cabbage, 7g of tomato and leek.
25. How to control the conditions of seed germination test?
The necessary conditions for seed germination are water, air, temperature and light.
(1) Water content and ventilation: the water content of the germination bed is determined according to the characteristics of the germination bed and seeds. For example, adding water to a sand bed is 60%-80% of its saturated water content, for example, a paper bed, after absorbing enough water, draining the excess water; If the soil is used as a germination bed, add water until the soil sticks into a ball, and then it is appropriate to crush it with a gentle finger pressure. During germination, the germination bed must always be moist, and there should be enough air around the seeds during germination, and attention should be paid to ventilation.
(2) Temperature: When the temperature is appropriate, the seed germination is normal, and too high or too low temperature is unfavorable to the seed germination. Different crops need different temperatures for seed germination. Generally, the temperature is 20-30℃ when crop seeds germinate in summer, and 20-25℃ when crop seeds germinate in winter.
(3) Illumination: The seeds of most crops can germinate under light or dark conditions, but light is generally used. If the germination is carried out under the condition of variable temperature, the illumination should be carried out at high temperature for 8 hours.
26, how to do a good job of seed germination test?
(1) Take samples. From the fully mixed net seeds, 400 seeds are randomly selected by several devices or by hand. Usually, 100 seeds are used as a repeat, and large seeds or seeds with pathogenic bacteria can be divided into 50 seeds or even 25 seeds as a repeat.
(2) Selecting a germination bed. The washed and sterilized sand grains (0.05-0.80mm) are used for large seeds, paper beds are used for small seeds, and paper beds or sand beds can be used for medium seeds.
(3) Bed culture. Evenly arrange the counted seeds on the wet germination bed, and keep a certain distance between the seeds. Label the culture apparatus, culture according to the suitable conditions of the variety, and check the temperature, moisture and ventilation frequently during germination. If there are moldy seeds, they should be taken out and washed. If there are serious moldy seeds, the germination bed should be replaced.
(3) Calculation of results. The percentage of normal seedlings grown within the specified time and conditions to the number of seeds tested is expressed.
27, how to do cloth roll or towel roll germination test?
Cloth roll and towel roll are a simple germination method without germinator.
(1) Boil the gauze or towel for disinfection first, then drain the excess water and spread it flat.
(2) Take 400 samples from the fully mixed net seeds.
(3) When the gauze or towel is spread to dry until it is not hot, arrange the seeds on half a towel, with the grain spacing of 2-3 cm, leaving 3-4 cm on the side and covering with half a cloth or towel.
(4) Put a chopstick on the side, roll the cloth or towel into a stick shape, gently tie the two ends with a rubber band or thread, hang a label and put it in a basin or cup.
(5) Put the pot or cup in a place with suitable temperature, and spray water or water frequently, and check the germination rate regularly.
28. How to do soil germination test?
Circle a small piece of loose soil outdoors, plant the seeds at equal distance, then cover the soil and water it to keep it moist. If the outdoor temperature is low, you can use a shallow bowl or wooden box with a diameter of 6-7 to take loose soil, sieve it, put it into a container to make a germination bed, and add water to wet it. After sowing seeds, when the outdoor temperature is high in sunny days, they can be placed outdoors and cultivated indoors in rainy days. Where there is a greenhouse, the greenhouse soil can be used for sowing. After the seedlings are unearthed, check and record the number of emerging seeds every day. When the specified number of days is reached, record the percentage of normal seedlings in the sown seeds.
29, how to do hot water bottle germination test?
In the absence of germination box, hot water bottle can be used to keep the necessary temperature for germination. The method is to make a hole in the plug of the thermos bottle, insert a thermometer, and fill a small half bottle of water (about 1/3) in the bottle to keep the proper temperature for seed germination, and keep the space temperature in the bottle about 20℃ for crop seeds in winter; For summer crop seeds, keep the space temperature in the bottle at about 30℃, wrap the clean seeds with gauze, put labels on them, and soak them in warm water in the bottle for 8-12 hours. Then the seeds are hung in the space of the bottle, and the water is changed once a day to keep a certain temperature and air in the bottle, so that the seeds are not moldy, and the germination rate is calculated within a specified time.
30. What links should be mastered in the seed germination test?
First, the samples must be accurate and representative. Second, the method must be appropriate. The third is to keep enough water. The fourth is to maintain a suitable temperature. The fifth is to maintain air circulation; Sixth, we must adhere to standards. The seventh is to calculate accurately.
31. How to conduct the rapid germination test of cereals and beans?
The time required for ordinary germination test of cereals and beans is 7-10 days. If rapid germination test is used, it is usually only 2-3 days.
Take 4 parts of cereal or bean seeds, each with 100 seeds, and soak the seeds in warm water at 30℃ for 3-4 hours, with the water surface not higher than 1-2 cm. After soaking the seeds, arrange the seeds in an incubator with wet sand, such as cereal seeds, with the embryo facing upward and a certain distance between the seeds. After the seeds are arranged, gently press the seeds to make them level with the sand surface, then cover the seeds with a layer of wet gauze, cover the gauze with a layer of wet sand with a thickness of 0.5-2 cm, slightly suppress it, and put the culture apparatus at a higher temperature for culture. Soybean and peanut were cultured at 25-30℃, wheat at 28℃ and corn at 35℃ for 2 days and nights. After the arrival time, remove the covered gauze and sand, and calculate the seed germination rate.
32. How to use the "sensory method" to determine seed moisture?
By seeing, touching, biting and listening, the water content of seeds can be distinguished. For example, mature and dry seeds are fresh and shiny, while seeds with high moisture content are dark and lack luster. If you feel cold air when you insert your hand into the seed pile, it takes a lot of effort to bite the seed with your teeth, and the sound is loud and the cross section of the seed is smooth, which means that the seed is relatively dry and the water content is generally 12-13%. If the hand is not easy to insert into the seed pile, the resistance is great, the bite does not take effort, the sound is silent, and the cross section of the seed is rough, which are all manifestations of high water content of the seed, and the water content is generally 15-16%. Testing the color of seeds should be avoided under strong light. When touching seeds, you should wipe the sweat off your hands with a dry cloth.
33. What are the contents of improved seed popularization technology?
Techniques for extension of improved varieties include: (1) Screening of excellent varieties, introducing excellent strains from scientific research institutions and universities all over the country to arrange multi-point tests locally, and screening excellent varieties suitable for local production conditions according to the three-step principle of test, demonstration and extension. (2) Promotion of improved varieties. (2) In the cultivation of improved varieties, we should adhere to the good method of supporting improved varieties. ① In the production of improved varieties, we should adhere to three steps: original seed production, original seed propagation and original seed popularization, and pay attention to the mixing, purification and rejuvenation of varieties, and accelerate variety propagation as soon as possible.
34. Does the seed coating agent affect the bud rate after coating?
As the latest seed treatment agent, seed coating agent has many advantages (such as killing insects, sterilizing, preventing element deficiency disease, stimulating growth with drugs and fertilizers, increasing yield and improving quality), high efficiency, high safety, convenient use, etc., which can generally increase yield by 20%, and has no influence on seed germination rate and emergence rate under normal operation. However, it should be noted that the water content of seeds used for coating must be below 13%. If the water content exceeds 13%, the seeds should be mixed with the coating.
35. What is the combination of improved varieties and good methods?
Only under the suitable cultivation and management conditions can improved varieties give full play to their excellent characteristics and obtain high yield. Therefore, when promoting improved varieties, we should combine the local climate, soil quality and cultivation habits, and formulate cultivation management methods according to the characteristics of improved varieties.
36. What is a seed coating agent?
Seed coating agent, as its name implies, is an agent for dressing seeds. It is a new product of drug-fertilizer compound seed coating, which is made of pesticides, fungicides, compound fertilizers, trace elements, plant growth regulators, slow-release agents and film-forming agents. The product has obvious effects of killing underground pests and seedling pests, preventing and removing seed carrier and root seedling diseases, promoting growth and development, improving quality and improving products.
37. What is seed coating?
Seed coating refers to coating seeds with seed coating agent and treating seeds by manual and mechanical methods according to a certain drug-seed ratio. The seed coating agent is wrapped on the seeds and quickly solidified into a medicine film in 3-5 minutes, as if putting a bullet-proof vest on the seeds.
38. What are the three functions of seed coating agent?
(1) Promote the standardization, pelleting and commercialization of improved varieties, improve the quality of seeds after coating with seed coating agent, ensure the uniformity, completeness and robustness of seedlings, and save seeds at the same time. In addition, it has a warning color, which eliminates the distinction between grain and seed.
(2) Comprehensive prevention and control of diseases, pests, birds, rodents and element deficiency disease. When the coated seeds are sown in the soil, the seed coating forms a barrier around the seeds to sterilize the seeds and prevent the infection of pathogenic bacteria. The trace elements such as manganese, zinc, molybdenum and boron contained in the seed coating agent can effectively prevent and control the nutrient deficiency of crops.
(3) Increase yield by 20-40%, improve product quality, promote rooting and germination, and stimulate plant growth.
39. What are the symptoms after seed coating poisoning? How to save?
All kinds of coating pesticides such as soybean, corn, cotton, millet and wheat are carbofuran, and symptoms often appear in about half an hour after poisoning. It is characterized by nervous excitement, pallor, vomiting, salivation and restlessness; Some patients have purple lips, miosis, convulsion, muscle tremor, etc. Some patients have diarrhea, abdominal pain, cold limbs, etc., and dry rales may appear in lung auscultation; Some patients’ heart rate is accelerated, blood pressure is high and low, and those who take a large amount of oral medicine will soon enter a coma. If the rescue is not timely, they will often die because of respiratory depression.
First aid measures are as follows:
(1) Make the poisoned person leave the polluted area immediately, and untie the tight bundle.
(2) Take off the contaminated clothes and wash the body surface with clear water or soap, especially the parts contaminated by pesticides.
(3) After drinking 1-2 glasses of water, press the back of the throat with your hands, causing vomiting, removing the poison, and making the poisoned person stop poisoning.
(4) After eyes are contaminated, rinse with clear water immediately, and then take atropine according to the doctor’s advice. If you are poisoned by mistake, you should repeatedly induce vomiting until there is no toxic smell. If you have artificial respiration or heart massage, don’t do it mouth-to-mouth. If you are unconscious, you must never feed anything.
(5) Doctors can inject 2mg of atropine sulfate subcutaneously when giving first aid. When the poisoning is serious, the injection amount can be as high as 4mg, and then every 10-15 minutes, 2mg each time. No antidote such as phosphorus poisoning can be used for first aid.
(6) Intravenous infusion of glucose solution or glucose saline plus vitamin C or other symptomatic treatment according to the doctor’s advice, but never use morphine and pralidoxime to rescue.
40. How to choose seed coating agent?
Because of the different ingredients and uses, the seed coating agent is divided into several models, so when using it, the seed coating agent should be selected according to different crops, different regions and different purposes.
41. Why seed treatment?
Seed treatment refers to all kinds of treatments taken for seeds from harvest to sowing. Including cleaning, soaking seeds to accelerate germination, sterilization and disinfection, vernalization treatment, weathering treatment, nutrition treatment and various physical and chemical methods, etc. Through treatment, the seeds can be improved in purity, full and uniform, and can kill the seeds with bacteria, prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests at seedling stage, promote the activity of seed embryo enzymes, improve the germination rate of seeds, increase the nutrition of seedlings and promote growth and development, thus achieving the goal of strong seedlings and promoting crop growth and development.
42. What are the three major modes of action of seed coating agent?
(1) Film-forming property: The key of the seed coating agent is the film-forming agent, which can make the seed coating agent wrap on the seeds and quickly solidify into a film (seed coating), and the coated seeds can be bagged immediately without airing and drying.
(2) Slow-release property: the seed coat can only absorb and swell when it meets water in the soil, but it is hardly dissolved. The coated seeds are slowly released in the ground like a "sub-drug storehouse", and the effective period is generally 40-60 days, which is 2-4 times longer than that of the general seed soaking or seed dressing methods.
(3) Internal absorption conductivity: the main component of the seed coating agent is the pesticide carbofuran. Pesticides such as bactericide, carbendazim and metalaxyl are all efficient and have internal absorption and conduction effects. They can be absorbed by seeds, germinate with the seeds, and be absorbed and conducted to the parts on the ground that have not been applied, and continue to play a role in controlling pests and diseases.
43. How to do the germination test after seed coating agent treatment?
The germination rate of seeds treated with seed coating agent is the most important and last index to determine the quality of seed coating agent products, and it is an important technology to correctly determine the germination rate of seeds. It has special practical significance. At present, many domestic manufacturers have affected the germination rate after coating the seed coating agent, some of which are quality reasons, while others are purely broken for technical reasons when doing germination tests.
Seed germination test, including germination rate and germination potential. Germination potential refers to the percentage of normal germinated seeds in the specified date in the initial stage of germination to the number of seeds tested. The germination rate refers to the percentage of all normal germinated seeds with the final germination period within the specified date to the number of tested seeds.
44. How to determine the 1000-grain weight?
To determine the 1000-grain weight of seeds, we should use the good seeds after removing impurities and waste seeds as samples. First, after mixing, take two samples continuously and indiscriminately, with 500 large seeds and 1000 small seeds in each sample (small seeds can also be counted as 10g seeds, and then converted into 1000-grain weight). Weigh the small seeds to the nearest 0.01g and the large seeds to the nearest 0.1g. If the weight of the two samples does not exceed 5%, take the average as the 1000-grain weight.
45. How to determine the reasonable row, plant spacing and number of plants per mu for different varieties?
Different crops have different rows, spacing and number of plants per mu, and different varieties of the same crop have different rows, spacing and number of plants per mu. Different rows, spacing and number of plants per mu should be determined according to the characteristics and characteristics of different crops and varieties. For example, maize hybrids with tall plants and large spikes with flat leaves should be relatively sparsely planted, and the number of plants per mu is generally 2,800-3,000; However, plants with short plant types and spikelets with raised leaves should be relatively densely planted, and the number of plants per mu is generally 4500-5000; The number of plants in the middle is about 4000. The relationship between row spacing, plant spacing and the number of plants per mu is as follows: the number of plants per mu remains unchanged, and the larger the row spacing, the smaller the plant spacing; Small row spacing means large plant spacing, and the number of plants per mu is equal to 1 mu area divided by row spacing multiplied by plant spacing.
46, what are the three elements of the main crop yield?
The three elements of cereal refer to the number of ears per mu, the number of grains per ear and the 1000-grain weight.
For example, if there are 4000 ears of corn per mu, the number of grains per ear is 420, and the weight of 1000 grains is 320g, the theoretical yield per mu is equal to 4000× 420× 0.320 ÷ 1000 = 537.6kg..
The three elements of cotton yield are: the number of plants per mu, the number of bolls per plant and the weight of bolls.
For example, there are 3500 seedlings per mu of cotton field, 18.8 bolls per plant, and the weight of bolls is 4.24 grams. The theoretical yield of seed cotton per mu is equal to 3500×18.8×4.24÷500=558 kg.
47. Can old seeds be used for sowing?
After long-term storage, if the environmental conditions are suitable and the storage period does not exceed a certain limit, crop seeds can still maintain vigorous vitality, and after sowing, they can also grow into strong seedlings and plants and get a bumper harvest. If it exceeds a certain limit, the vitality will begin to decline and even be completely lost, especially in harsh environmental conditions, which is very obvious.
Sowing with old seeds often leads to seedling deformity, abnormal development, dwarfing of plants, shortened growth period, weakened disease resistance, and decreased yield. This is mainly due to the physiological and genetic changes of embryo cells of old seeds under long-term storage conditions, such as the decline of physiological activities of growth hormones, various enzymes and vitamins, and even chromosome aberration, which seriously affects the viability and germination of seeds and changes the original excellent species. Therefore, sowing with old seeds should be avoided as much as possible in production. However, the phenomenon in the biological world is very complicated. Some old seeds are sown, but they are superior in some aspects. For example, cereals and beans can ripen early by sowing old seeds. Using aged seeds for broad beans can make plants short and strong, shorten internodes, increase pod setting, and use aged seeds for mung beans and radishes can increase production.
Therefore, whether old seeds can be used for sowing cannot be generalized, and it must be confirmed according to specific conditions and through field experiments.
48. What should farmers pay attention to when purchasing seeds?
Attention should be paid to seed purchase: first, the seed selling unit should have a seed business license or a power of attorney for seed consignment; Second, there must be seed labels on the packaging label and inside and outside, and the labels are consistent with the seeds. Third, it is necessary to keep the packaging bags and seed sales invoices in case of seed quality problems.
49. How do farmers store seeds after purchasing them?
During the period from the time when farmers buy seeds to the time before sowing, firstly, it is necessary to prevent mildew, and do not put seeds into woven bags with plastic inner films to prevent boring seeds; Keep it in a ventilated and dry place; The second is to prevent insects from eating, and don’t put it in old granaries, hoarding or cement tanks; The third is to prevent rats from biting, which can be bagged and hung; The fourth is to prevent the seeds from being mixed with commercial grain and being treated as feed or food by mistake.
50. What should I do if the seeds have worms?
Measures should be taken as early as possible to control insects according to the principles of safety, economy and effectiveness, so as to minimize losses. The commonly used methods in production include physical method, mechanical method and chemical agent method.
(1) Physical pest control: sunlight exposure or freezing can be used to kill insects and reduce the moisture content of seeds. Be careful not to expose on the cement floor to prevent germination. Seeds with moisture content exceeding the safe storage limit are not easy to freeze to prevent freezing to death.
(2) Mechanical pest control: it is the use of human or power machinery such as cleaning machines, windmills, screens and other pests control.
(3) Chemical pesticides: commonly used drugs include aluminum phosphide and dichlorvos. Dosage should be used according to the drug instructions, and special attention should be paid to operating procedures and techniques to prevent accidents.
51. How to store sorghum seeds?
Sorghum seeds contain about 70% sugar and 10% protein. Although the variety of red skin contains tannin, it will reduce the water permeability of seed coat, because it contains more hydrophilic colloid, it is still easy to absorb moisture. The equilibrium moisture of sorghum is high, especially the grains with high shell rate, which are easy to be moldy with impurities and bacteria. And the seed coat is thin and vulnerable to pests. Before storage, it should be dried and cleaned, especially to prevent the high temperature and heat damage of sorghum seeds harvested in summer; The moisture content of autumn sorghum seeds should be reduced to about 12%, and moisture-proof, insect-proof and rat-proof storage devices should be selected for sealed storage.
52. How to store soybean seeds?
Soybean is difficult to store because of its high oil content and rich protein. Long-term safe water storage content must be below 12%, preferably between 9-10%, and more than 13% is in danger of mildew. Before entering the warehouse, the damaged particles, frostbite particles, moth-eaten particles and diseased particles should be removed clean to improve the storage stability. After a period of time, the seeds are post-heated and release a lot of moisture and heat, that is, about 3-4 weeks after entering the warehouse, it is necessary to take advantage of sunny days to ventilate and disperse moisture, combined with screening to remove impurities and prevent mildew.
53. How to store pea seeds?
Pea seed coat is thin, and its storage resistance is poor. During storage, it is mainly damaged by pest pea weevil, which overwinters in the warehouse. When peas bloom in the next spring, they fly to the field to mate and lay eggs. Young insects eat beans and grow slowly in them, and continue to do harm with the harvest. To prevent the bean weevil, we can adopt the closed heat preservation method. That is, peas are harvested and dried in sunny days to reduce the water content to below 14%. When the seed temperature is quite high, it is sealed when it is hot, so that the seed temperature can continue to rise due to respiration, and the seed temperature can reach above 50℃. After 30-50 days, the larvae lurking in the beans can be killed. If the number of bean seeds is small, the seed scalding method can be adopted, that is, the sun-dried peas are poured into a bamboo basket, immersed in boiling water, quickly stirred for 25 seconds, then the bamboo basket is taken out, immersed in cold water, then spread and dried for storage.
54. Why can’t seeds be stored with fertilizers?
Fertilizer generally refers to nitrogen fertilizer, such as ammonia water, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, urea, etc. This kind of fertilizer is easy to release ammonia gas due to moisture during storage. When stored with seeds, when ammonia gas comes into contact with seeds, it is first adsorbed on the surface of seeds, and then gradually penetrates into cells, damaging the embryo, destroying its respiratory function, seriously affecting the viability of seeds and significantly reducing the germination rate. When the ammonia concentration is high, the seeds will turn dark and die completely in a short period of time, so it is not suitable to be stored in the same warehouse.
55. How long is the life of seeds?
Seed life can be roughly divided into three categories: long-lived seeds (more than 15 years), long-lived seeds (3-15 years) and short-lived seeds (less than 3 years). The length of the first kind of long-lived seeds is long and short, and the second kind of long-lived seeds is normal.
Crops with long-lived seeds include: broad bean, mung bean, Chinese milk vetch, cowpea, adzuki bean, beet, upland cotton, tobacco, sesame, towel gourd, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, radish and chrysanthemum.
Crops that are perennial seeds are: rice, naked barley, wheat, sorghum, millet, corn, buckwheat, cotton, sunflower, soybean, kidney bean, pea, rape, tomato, spinach, onion, onion, garlic and carrot.
Crops with short-lived seeds are: sugarcane, peanuts, ramie, pepper, etc. In addition, many trees and fruit trees have short-lived seeds.
56. What are the benefits of soaking seeds?
Soaking seeds before sowing can accelerate the metabolic process of seeds before germination, accelerate the softening of seed coat, promote germination and shorten the time of emergence.
57. How long is it appropriate to soak seeds?
The soaking time depends on the temperature and the condition of the seeds themselves. The higher the water temperature, the faster the water absorption; The seed coat has good water permeability, the seed contains more protein, the seed is small, and the water absorption is faster. Under normal circumstances, the seeds of barley and wheat are soaked for 1 day and night, broad beans for 2 days and nights, cotton bare seeds for 1 day and night, and short fibers for 2 days and nights. At present, the coated seeds are not soaked.
58. Six taboos for seed selection
No matter the soil quality, fertility and management level of cultivated land, people will plant whatever they want.
Second, avoid being new and think that any new variety is a good variety, regardless of whether the variety has passed the examination and approval.
Three bogeys do not choose suitable varieties according to the requirements of accumulated temperature zone, and prefer to plant late-maturing varieties in the crossing area.
Four bogeys tend to be higher and think that "high-priced seeds are good seeds."
Five, avoid laziness, keep seeds, do not carefully clean them, and the impurities exceed the standard.
Sixth, avoid procrastination and procrastination. If you don’t hurry to buy seeds, you often forget to buy seeds when you are about to sow.
59. What are the three methods of soaking crops?
1. Soak the seeds in warm soup. Put the seeds in warm water of 55℃-56℃ (2 parts of boiled water and 1 part of cold water) which is 5-6 times the weight of the seeds, and then stir constantly, so that the water temperature drops to 20℃-30℃ after 10 minutes, and then soak for several hours.
2. Seed soaking agents can be selected according to different diseases and pests of crops. The most commonly used are formalin, potassium permanganate, trisodium phosphate and carbendazim. After soaking seeds, clean water should be used to wash away the liquid medicine on the surface of seeds so as not to affect germination.
3. Soaking seeds in nutrient solution with 500-1000 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can make seedlings grow sturdily and emerge early. Soaking seeds with solutions such as boric acid, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate and ammonium molybdate can supplement the trace elements needed by crops and increase the yield. Seed soaking concentration is 0.02%-0.1%.
60. How to buy seeds?
(a) to have a seed business license to buy the seed department;
(two) to understand the variety name, origin, growth period, cultivation points and quality standards.
(three) whether it has passed the quarantine inspection, and whether the seed label has the quarantine certificate number;
(four) whether the internal and external labels of the seed package are consistent;
(5) Distinguish between false seeds and inferior seeds.
61. Several storage methods of crop seeds
Corn seeds can be stored by ear storage and grain storage, and the relative humidity is generally below 80%.
Wheat seeds can be stored in bags and bulk, sealed at low temperature, covered and stored in hot warehouse. Attention should be paid to moisture absorption, dry heat preservation and post-ripening.
Cotton seed storage method: separate the pre-frosted flowers from the post-frosted flowers, and store them separately after rolling. It is best to use the pre-frosted flowers to keep the seeds. The seeds are fully dry and the water content is below 12%. The height of the seed pile should be controlled, and it is appropriate to put them in a semi-warehouse for ventilation. The thermometer should be buried in the probe or the bamboo pole with holes every 3 meters, and the measurement should be made in the bamboo pole.
62. What are the taboos for seed storage?
First, avoid mechanical threshing, second, avoid excessive moisture, third, avoid exposure to the hot sun, fourth, avoid soot fumigation, fifth, avoid chemical pollution, sixth, avoid moisture and mildew, seventh, avoid touching the ground, eighth, avoid excessive sundries, and ninth, avoid rats and insects.
63. What should I pay attention to when storing seeds in winter?
(1) Do a good job in seed selection before putting seeds into storage; (2) store good seeds with water; (3) avoid mixing; (4) It can’t be stored in plastic bags, which affects the survival and germination rate of seeds; (5) Store seeds away from damp places; (6) avoid hot and cold; (7) Don’t put it in a smoky place; (8) Seeds cannot be put together with pesticides and fertilizers; (9) Check the stored seeds frequently, so as to ensure the safe storage and overwintering of the seeds.
64. What are the methods for preventing moth in family grain storage?
1. Mothproof method of Chinese herbal medicine: dry pepper, litsea cubeba, pyrethrum, peach tree leaves, spicy grass, etc. and grind them into powder, mix them into a bag of 250g, and put 1-2 bags on the upper layer in the middle of storing seeds, each bag can store 50kg of seeds.
Second, the mothproof method of black self-ash: spread 5 cm thick quicklime on the bottom of the container containing seeds, cover it with gauze or newspaper, cover the surface with gauze or newspaper after the seeds are stacked, cover it with 5 cm thick fresh dry plant ash, cover it tightly, and store it tightly.
3. Mothproof method of tobacco bone leaves: put 7-8 pieces of yellow tobacco leaves at the bottom of the container, and also put 7-8 pieces of yellow tobacco leaves or chopped tobacco bone shreds on the seed pile, and cover them tightly.
4. Chemical moth-proofing method: 80g of dichlorvos is added with 80g of water, and stirred evenly. The old cotton wool, fire brick and rotten cloth are immersed in the liquid medicine, and then wrapped in cloth or newspaper after being picked up, and placed at the bottom or upper layer of the container, with one piece for every 50kg.
5. Biogas moth-proofing method: The cylinder for holding grain seeds is covered with wooden boards, and a hole is drilled in the cover. The biogas plastic pipe is inserted into the cylinder chassis from the hole to form a circle and tied to the nozzle, and several small holes are punched in the pipe wall to make the biogas overflow slowly. After loading the seeds, introduce biogas, cover with a wooden cover and seal.
65. What should I pay attention to when purchasing seeds?
First, we should choose seed companies and business departments with a certain scale and good reputation to buy seeds.
Second, when purchasing varieties, it should be noted that this variety should be approved by the national or local variety approval Committee. If it is a new variety imported from abroad or transported from other places, it should be proved that it has been planted in the local area for one to two years.
Third, the packaging bag (box) for purchasing seeds should be marked with instructions on the production unit of the seed, the characteristics of the variety, the cultivation method, the scope of application, the suitable temperature for cultivation, the disease resistance, etc., and there should also be signs indicating the quality of the seed, including the purity, germination rate, purity and water content of the seed.
Fourth, attention should be paid to keeping the invoice when purchasing seeds, on which the name of the purchased variety and the business unit should be clearly written.
66. What aspects do regular seed companies cover after-sales of improved varieties?
In accordance with the provisions of the Seed Law, regular seed companies can distribute seeds only after the seed management department issues a seed business license. Seeds must meet the national or local seed standards, which are specifically divided into seed purity, seed purity, seed germination rate and seed water content, and the improved varieties are sold to farmers. If there is a wrong variety, or because the four indicators of seeds fail to meet the standards, the seeds will not emerge, the height of the plants is very different, the variety characteristics are quite different, and the yield will decrease. If it is proved by experts that it is a seed quality problem, the company should compensate for the losses according to the Seed Law. In case of natural disasters such as high temperature, low temperature, rainy weather, pests and diseases or improper cultivation management, the company will not bear the losses such as production reduction.
67. Which department is responsible for seed administrative law enforcement?
The administrative departments of agriculture and forestry of the people’s governments at or above the county level are in charge of the work of crops and forest seeds within their respective administrative areas. The seed management institutions under the administrative departments of agriculture and forestry of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the specific seed management.
68, under what circumstances, seed operators do not need to apply for a seed business license?
There are four situations in which the seed business license is not handled. First, seed operators specialize in packaging seeds that are no longer repackaged; Second, it is entrusted in writing by a seed operator with a seed business license to sell its seeds on a commission basis; The third is the branch established by the operator in the effective area stipulated in the business license; Fourth, some of the conventional seeds bred by farmers themselves are sold and exchanged in the bazaars.
69. What procedures do operators who do not apply for seed business licenses need to go through before they can operate seeds?
If a seed operator sells the seeds of a unit or individual with a seed business license, he shall apply for a business license at the local administrative department for industry and commerce with a copy of the other party’s business license, a copy of the business license and a seed consignment agreement; Seed operators who set up branches within the effective area stipulated in the business license must register with the local seed management department before they can operate seeds.
70. What are the requirements of the Seed Law for commercial seeds?
First, seeds must be packaged in small bags; Second, there must be a label on the seed package, and the contents of the label should be complete and true; Third, the seeds must be varieties approved by the state or our province for promotion; Fourth, seed quality standards must meet the standards set by the state.
71. What are the main crops referred to in the Seed Law?
Crops include grain, cotton, oilseeds, hemp, sugar, vegetables, fruit trees, tea trees, flowers, mulberry trees, tobacco, Chinese herbal medicines, grasses, green manure, edible fungi and rubber. The main crops are rice, wheat, corn, cotton, soybean, rape and potato.
72. What is a good variety of forest trees?
Improved varieties of forest trees refer to the approved forest seeds, whose yield, adaptability and resistance are obviously superior to the propagation materials and planting materials of the current main planting materials in a certain area.
73. What are the national quality standards for wheat and corn seeds?
Wheat seed standard: the purity of original seed is not less than 99.9%, the purity of improved seed is not less than 99%, the purity is not less than 98%, the germination rate is not less than 85%, and the moisture content is not higher than 13%. The standard of maize hybrid must reach the second grade of the national standard, that is, the purity is not less than 96%, the cleanliness is not less than 98%, the germination rate is not less than 85%, and the moisture content is not higher than 13%.
74. What are the requirements for applying for a seed business license?
First, the conditions for applying for a business license for hybrid seeds of major crops are as follows: First, applying for a registered capital of more than 5 million yuan; Second, there is a corn hybrid seed inspection room, and there are more than two seed inspection personnel who have passed the examination by the provincial agricultural administrative department; Third, there are complete sets of seed processing equipment and one seed processing technician.
Two, to apply for a seed business license other than the main crop hybrid seeds, the following conditions should be met: first, to apply for a registered capital of more than 1 million yuan; Second, there are inspection rooms and necessary inspection instruments, processing, storage and seed business places that can meet the inspection needs. Third, there is a seed inspector who has passed the examination by the agricultural administrative department at or above the provincial level, as well as warehousing personnel and processing technicians.
Three, the combination of breeding, production and management, to apply for a business license from the Ministry of Agriculture should have the following conditions: first, apply for a registered capital of more than 30 million yuan; Second, there are breeding institutions and corresponding breeding conditions; Third, the seed sales of self-owned varieties account for more than 50% of the total business volume; Fourth, there is a stable seed breeding base; Fifth, there are complete sets of processing equipment; Sixth, the inspection instruments and equipment meet the standards of ministerial-level seed inspection institutions, and there are more than five seed inspection personnel who have passed the examination by agricultural administrative departments at or above the provincial level; Seventh, there is a relatively stable sales network.
75, apply for seed production license must have what conditions?
The necessary conditions for applying for a seed production license are as follows: First, for the production of conventional seeds (including original seeds) and hybrid parent seeds, the registered capital is more than 1 million yuan; Production of hybrid seeds, the registered capital of more than 5 million yuan; Second, there are more than 500 square meters of seed threshing ground or drying equipment; Third, there are necessary storage facilities; Fourth, there are more than 2 seed inspectors and more than 3 professional seed production technicians who have passed the examination by the agricultural administrative departments at or above the provincial level.
76. How to apply for a seed business license?
Business licenses for hybrid seeds of major crops, their parent seeds and conventional seeds shall be audited by the county-level agricultural administrative department where the operator is located and issued by the provincial agricultural administrative department; Other seed business licenses shall be issued by the local agricultural administrative departments at or above the county level. When applying for a seed business license, the applicant shall submit the following materials to the audit institution: first, an application form for a crop seed business license; The second is the qualification certificates of seed inspectors, storage and custody personnel and processing technicians; The third is the list of seed inspection instruments, processing equipment and storage equipment, photos and property rights certificates; The fourth is the photo of the seed business place. If the applicant applies to the Ministry of Agriculture for a seed business license, he should also submit the following materials to the audit organ: first, photos or descriptions of breeding institutions, sales networks and breeding bases; The second is the proof of its own variety; The third is the description of breeding conditions, laboratory conditions and production and operation. Audit institutions shall conduct audit within 30 days from the date of receiving the application, and sign audit opinions for qualified applicants and report them to the examination and approval authorities; The examination and approval authority shall handle the matter within 30 days from the date of receiving the examination opinions.
77. How to apply for a seed production license?
To apply for a seed production license, an application shall be made by a unit or individual directly organizing seed production. Commissioned by farmers or rural collective economic organizations, the client shall apply; Entrust other economic organizations to produce, the entrusting party or the entrusted party shall apply. The following materials shall be submitted to the auditing organ when applying: first, an application form for crop seed production license; The second is the qualification certificate of seed inspectors and seed production technicians; Third, the registered capital certification materials; The fourth is the list of inspection facilities, instruments and equipment, photos and property rights certificates; Fifth, introduction of seed threshing ground or photos of seed drying equipment and proof of property rights; Sixth, photos of seed storage facilities and proof of property rights; Seventh, the quarantine certificate and introduction of the seed production site; Eight is the introduction of production varieties. If it is an authorized variety or a genetically modified variety, it should also provide relevant certificates, contracts or safety certificates for genetically modified organisms; Nine is the seed production quality assurance system. Within 30 days from the date of receiving the application materials, the audit organ shall complete the audit and inspection of the materials and the field, and sign the audit opinions with conditions and report them to the examination and approval authority; For those who do not meet the requirements, notify the applicant in writing and explain the reasons. The examination and approval authority shall complete the examination and approval work within 30 days from the date of receiving the examination opinions.
78. What should be marked on the seed label?
Crop seed labels shall be marked with crop species, seed category, variety name, place of origin, seed production license number, quarantine certificate number, import approval number, seed quality index, net content, production year and month, manufacturer’s name, manufacturer’s address and contact information. The main crop species should be added with seed production license number and variety approval.
79. Why do seed operators have to establish business files?
Management files are an important basis for farmers’ claims and operators’ recovery after seed quality problems occur; Therefore, seed operators must establish business files, which should contain a brief description of seed source, processing, storage, transportation and quality inspection, as well as the responsible person and sales destination. General seed management files shall be kept for 2 years after seed sales. If the operator does not set up business files, the administrative department of agriculture may impose a fine of 1000 yuan-10,000 yuan.
80. What problems should seed operators pay attention to in their business activities?
Before conducting business activities, seed operators should first examine whether the other party has the qualification for seed business, that is, whether it has applied for a business license; If the other party has a business license, it must go to the industrial and commercial department for a business license with a copy of its license and business license and the seed consignment agreement, and register with the seed management department before it can operate and sell; Operators should review the seeds before planting, mainly to see whether the seeds are packaged in small bags, whether there are labels, whether the contents of the labels are complete and true, and whether the seeds have been approved by the state or our province; Operators must establish sales files in the course of operation, and farmers must issue sales invoices when purchasing seeds. In addition, each batch of seeds distributed by the operator shall be sampled and sealed by both the buyer and the seller as evidence for handling seed quality disputes.
81. Can the seeds bred by farmers themselves be sold and exchanged?
Farmers’ self-propagated surplus seeds can be sold or exchanged in the bazaars near their residence or place of residence without going through any formalities, but when selling surplus seeds, they should issue a sales certificate to the buyer, which should indicate the variety name, place of origin, production date, quantity, price and the name, address and contact telephone number of the seller; The quality of the remaining seeds sold and exchanged must be guaranteed. If losses are caused by the quality of the seeds, compensation shall be made according to law.
82. What is a fake seed?
The following seeds are false seeds: first, non-seeds are used as seeds or seeds of this variety are used as seeds of other varieties; Second, the seed type, variety and place of origin are inconsistent with the contents marked on the label.
83. What are inferior seeds?
Inferior seeds are divided into five forms: first, the quality is lower than the national standard for seed use; Second, the quality is lower than the labeling index; Third, it cannot be used as seeds because of deterioration; Fourth, the ratio of weed seeds exceeds the regulations; Fifth, there are pests with quarantine objects stipulated by the state.
84. How will the production and operation of fake and inferior seeds be punished?
Article 59 of the Seed Law stipulates that those who produce and operate fake or inferior seeds shall be ordered by the administrative department of agriculture and forestry of the people’s government at or above the county level or the administrative department for industry and commerce to stop production and operation, confiscate the seeds and illegal income, revoke the seed production and operation license or business license, and impose a fine; If there is illegal income, a fine of more than 5 times and less than 10 times of the illegal income shall be imposed; If there is no illegal income, a fine of 2,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan shall be imposed; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.
85. What problems should I pay attention to when buying seeds?
When buying seeds, we should pay attention to whether the operator has a business license for seed consignment, whether the seeds sold by him are in small packages (the maximum package stipulated by the state is not more than 25 kilograms), whether there is a label on the package, whether the contents of the label are complete and true, and must ask for a seed purchase invoice when buying seeds.
86. Can unapproved varieties be sold?
Crop varieties that have not been approved shall not be advertised or promoted. Those that have passed the national examination and approval can be popularized in suitable ecological areas throughout the country. Crop varieties approved by neighboring provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government must be re-approved by our province before they can be promoted in suitable ecological areas in our province. The agricultural administrative department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order the operation and promotion of unapproved crop seeds to stop, confiscate the seeds and illegal income, and impose a fine of 10 thousand yuan to 50 thousand yuan.
87, without a seed business license or seed business registration without permission, how to punish?
According to the Seed Law, operators with seed business qualifications who set up branches in different places may not apply for business licenses, but they should register with the local agricultural administrative department within 15 days after handling or changing their business licenses. If they fail to do so, they shall be ordered to make corrections and be fined not less than 10,000 yuan in 1000 yuan.
88. What should I do if I suffer economic losses because I bought fake and inferior seeds?
After farmers buy seeds and use them, if there are any problems, they should first report them to the seed management department in time. The seed management department invites experts to conduct field appraisal on their production fields. If they really suffer losses due to seed quality problems, the operators who sell seeds should compensate them, including the purchase price, the loss of available benefits and related expenses.
89. What is "compensation first, then recovery"?
If a seed user suffers losses due to seed quality problems, the operator who directly sells the seeds to the farmers shall compensate the farmers first, and if it is the responsibility of the seed producers or other operators, the operators shall recover from the seed producers or other operators.
90. How will I be punished for operating seeds without labels or with labels that do not conform to the provisions of the Seed Law?
The administrative department of agriculture and forestry of the people’s government at or above the county level or the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan from 1000 yuan.
91. What are the procedures for advertising new varieties of seeds?
The seeds advertised must be varieties approved by the state or our province, with variety approval number and variety approval certificate, and shall be announced by the agricultural administrative department at the same level; Secondly, it is necessary to review the advertising content, which should be true, and the description of seed traits should be consistent with the announcement of approval.
92. Can individuals engage in the breeding and development of improved varieties?
The seed law stipulates that the state encourages and supports units and individuals to engage in the breeding and development of improved varieties.
93. What problems should seed law enforcement personnel pay attention to in their work?
Seed law enforcement officers shall show their administrative law enforcement certificates when performing official duties according to law, and there must be more than two law enforcement officers when enforcing the law. Seed law enforcement officers shall not participate in and engage in seed production and business activities.
94. What are germplasm resources?
Germplasm resources refer to the basic materials for breeding new varieties, including cultivated species of various plants, propagation materials of wild species and genetic materials of various plants artificially created by using the above propagation materials.
95. What are new plant varieties?
A new plant variety refers to a plant variety that has been cultivated artificially or developed from wild plants found, and has novelty, specificity, consistency and stability, and is appropriately named.
96. What is the right to new plant varieties?
The right to new plant varieties refers to the acceptance and examination of applications for new plant varieties by the administrative departments of agriculture and forestry in the State Council, and the granting of variety rights to new plant varieties that meet the requirements.
97. What kind of punishment will be imposed on those who counterfeit authorized varieties for business and sales activities?
Counterfeiting authorized varieties shall be ordered by the administrative department of agriculture and forestry of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop counterfeiting, confiscate the illegal income and plant variety propagation materials, and impose a fine of more than 1 time and less than 5 times the illegal income. If the circumstances are serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; Those who sell authorized varieties without using their registered names shall be ordered by the administrative department of agriculture and forestry of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections within a time limit and may be fined below 1000 yuan.
98. What are agricultural genetically modified organisms?
Agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs) refer to animals, microorganisms and their products that use genetic engineering technology to change gene composition and are used in agricultural production or agricultural product processing.
99. What do genetically modified products mainly include?
Mainly includes: (1) transgenic animals and plants (including seeds, breeding livestock and poultry, aquatic fry) and microorganisms; Directly processed products of genetically modified agricultural products; (3) Genetically modified animals, plants and microorganisms; (4) Products such as seeds, breeding livestock and poultry, aquatic fry, pesticides, veterinary drugs, fertilizers and additives containing genetically modified animals and plants, microorganisms or their product components.
100, the first batch of agricultural genetically modified organisms identification directory including several categories? How many kinds?
Including five categories and seventeen species.
Soybean seed, soybean, soybean powder, soybean oil and soybean meal;
Corn seeds, corn, corn oil, corn;
Rapeseed, rapeseed, rapeseed oil, rapeseed meal;
Cotton seeds;
Tomato seeds, fresh tomatoes, ketchup.
Source: YAN
Original title: "Fundamentals of Agricultural Technology"
