月度归档 2025年8月22日

　　China Economic Weekly reporter Wang Hongru | Beijing Report

　　Editor: Cao Xu

　　(This article was published in China Economic Weekly, No.49, 2018)

　　With the recent approval of the Shanghai Institutional Reform Plan, the provincial institutional reform plans of 31 provinces have all been approved by the central authorities.

　　According to the Plan for Deepening the Reform of Party and State Institutions issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in March 2018, "the plan for the reform of provincial party and government institutions should be submitted to the CPC Central Committee for approval before the end of September 2018, and the institutional adjustment should be basically in place before the end of 2018. The reform of party and government institutions below the provincial level shall be under the unified leadership of provincial party committees and reported to the Party Central Committee for the record before the end of 2018. All local institutional reform tasks will be basically completed by the end of March 2019. "

　　As an important part of deepening the reform of the party and state institutions, the reform of local institutions is being fully implemented in accordance with the "planning map", "construction drawing" and "timetable" determined by the CPC Central Committee.

　　"Optimize synergy and high efficiency" instead of "streamline unified efficiency"

　　The first province to receive the approval from the central government was Hainan. On September 13th this year, the Central Office and the State Council issued the "Hainan Province Institutional Reform Plan".

　　After the reform, there are 55 party and government organizations in Hainan Province, including 18 provincial party committees and 37 government organizations. It is generally consistent with the establishment of the central party and government institutions and reflects the characteristics of Hainan. For example, the establishment of the Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Planning and the Provincial Forestry Bureau will bring land and marine natural resources into a unified management system; Re-establish the provincial ecological environment department and establish a large environmental protection management system; Integrate the functions of tourism, culture and sports, and set up a provincial tourism and culture radio, film and television sports hall to serve the development of tourism in the whole region.

　　On October 15th, the Anhui Provincial Institutional Reform Plan was approved. After the reform, Anhui Province set up 60 party and government organizations. Among them, there are 17 provincial party committees and 43 provincial government agencies. In an interview with China Economic Weekly, Professor Yuan Weihai, vice president of Anhui Administration College, said that 29 units were merged and five new units were re-established. According to the principle of optimization, synergy and high efficiency, under the premise of ensuring that the total number of institutions can not be broken, according to the adjustment of functions and institutions, we will make overall plans for resource allocation.

　　Optimizing synergy and high efficiency is an important principle in this institutional reform. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Decision on Deepening the Reform of Party and State Institutions (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision") points out that the principle of "optimization, coordination and high efficiency" should be adhered to in deepening the reform of Party and State institutions.

　　In the past, the decision-making level has always emphasized the principle of "streamlining and unifying efficiency" for institutional reform.

　　"Different from previous institutional reforms, this institutional reform pays more attention to systematicness, integrity and synergy, emphasizing strengthening the overall leadership of the party as the guide, focusing on optimizing synergy and efficiency, and coordinating the reform of the party, government and military groups." Shen Ronghua, deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Society of Administrative Management, told the reporter of China Economic Weekly, "Optimization is scientific and reasonable, with consistent powers and responsibilities, coordination is unified and divided, and efficiency is to perform duties in place and smooth processes."

　　In Yuan Weihai’s view, optimizing synergy and efficiency also means that there will be no cliff-like downsizing in institutional reform, and every civil servant will have a post after the reform. "Before the end of this year, the reform of Anhui provincial institutions should be basically put in place. At present, the overall opinions on institutional reform in cities and counties have been reviewed at the meeting of the Leading Group for Promoting Institutional Reform of the Anhui Provincial Party Committee and are being reported to the central government for the record according to procedures. "

　　Provincial institutions limit management, the total number of provinces does not exceed 60.

　　The reporter found out that many provinces have set up "optional actions" according to local conditions in the reform, and the number of institutions is not the same.

　　Comparing the number of party and government organizations in various provinces after the reform, Hainan and Ningxia have the least, with 55; Among the municipalities directly under the Central Government, there are 65 in Beijing, 64 in Chongqing and Tianjin and 63 in Shanghai. The total number of party and government organizations in Shandong, Hunan, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Fujian, Gansu, Hebei, Anhui and other provinces is 60.

　　Judging from the reform, at present, the number of institutions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council is about 90, and the number of provincial party committees and government institutions is about 60, and the number of institutions decreases further down. Shen Ronghua, deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Society of Administrative Management, believes that the reason why the number of central party and government institutions is more than that of local governments is mainly because the central government should exercise comprehensive leadership and management over the various undertakings of the party and the state. According to the management law, there must be more institutions at the central level. "For example, there are national defense, diplomacy, customs, maritime affairs, finance and other institutions at the central level, and places are usually not established; For another example, in the cultural field, in some places, institutions such as culture, tourism, sports, radio and television, press and publication are integrated into one institution, while at the central level, these institutions are separated. "

　　Take 55 provincial party and government organizations in Hainan Province as an example, of which 43 correspond to the relevant departments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. In addition, there is a "one-to-many" provincial-level large-scale institution in Hainan Province. For example, Hainan Province has integrated the management of culture, sports, radio and television of the Provincial Tourism Development Committee and the Provincial Department of Culture, Radio, Film and Television Publishing and Sports, and established the Provincial Department of Tourism and Culture, Radio, Film and Television Sports, corresponding to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television and the State Sports General Administration.

　　Song Shiming, a professor at the Central Party School (National School of Administration), said that the purpose of this adjustment is to ensure that the upper and lower levels are in line with each other, that government decrees are implemented, and that the market and the legal system are unified. Both "one-on-one" and "one-on-many" large-scale system can be allowed in local areas, and finally optimization, coordination, intensive and efficient can be achieved.

　　Many provinces and cities set up "characteristic departments" according to local conditions.

　　It is worth mentioning that Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Chongqing, Guangdong and other provinces have set their sights on "big data" in order to actively adapt to the development of digital information technology and promote "e-government in internet plus".

　　For example, Fujian Province has set up the Digital Fujian Construction Leading Group Office (Provincial Big Data Administration); Anhui Province established the Data Resources Administration Bureau; Shandong Province established the Provincial Big Data Bureau; Chongqing established the Municipal Big Data Application and Development Administration; Guangdong and other provinces set up big data bureaus within the Provincial Economic and Information Committee; Zhejiang Province established the Provincial Big Data Development Administration.

　　"The establishment of some new institutions such as the Big Data Bureau means that many provinces have begun to attach great importance to the big data strategy and smart city strategy, and localities have begun to transform into smart cities and smart provinces." Shen Ronghua told China Economic Weekly that the establishment of the Big Data Administration will be a powerful starting point for the construction of smart cities.

　　In addition to the "big data" highlights, the reporter found out that some provinces have also set up some departments that are in line with regional reality and reflect regional characteristics according to their respective characteristics.

　　For example, Shandong Province has set up the Marine Development Committee to build a strategic location for high-quality marine development; Hainan Province set up the office of the Committee for Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of the Provincial Party Committee, and hung the brand of the office of the Working Committee of the Free Trade Zone (Free Trade Port) of the Provincial Party Committee; Guangdong has set up a provincial leading group to promote the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

　　Liaoning Province has set up the Provincial Business Environment Construction Bureau, the integration of defense and civilian technologies Development Committee Office of the Provincial Party Committee and other institutions that are quite "appropriate". Chen Qiufa, secretary of the Liaoning Provincial Party Committee, pointed out that the establishment of business environment institutions should be optimized and the level of business environment construction should be accelerated. Highlight the characteristics of the province, give full play to the advantages of Liaoning as a major military province, and explore new ways for the in-depth development of integration of defense and civilian technologies.

　　The general view of the outside world is that revitalizing the Northeast and accelerating the improvement of the business environment is a major starting point. Sun Qingguo, member of the Party Committee of Liaoning Administration College and director of the public administration teaching and research department, said in an interview with China Economic Weekly, "At present, there are shortcomings in the business environment in Liaoning. This institutional reform, Liaoning Province regards the Business Environment Construction Bureau as the direct bureau of the provincial government, which is the only one in the country."

　　The establishment of the office of the integration of defense and civilian technologies Development Committee of the Provincial Party Committee is also a major feature of Liaoning. Sun Qingguo said that Liaoning Province, as a big military industry province, still has a certain gap in integration of defense and civilian technologies. Integration of defense and civilian technologies is an important platform and carrier for Liaoning to accelerate its overall revitalization. "The purpose of setting up the office of the integration of defense and civilian technologies Development Committee of the Provincial Party Committee in a timely manner is to give full play to the advantages of a large military province and explore new ways for the in-depth development of integration of defense and civilian technologies."

　　In Shen Ronghua’s view, different provinces not only highlight the characteristics of their respective responsibilities due to different management levels, but also have differences in economic and social development level, industrial structure, geographical population, ethnic structure, etc., all of which determine that institutional setup and functional allocation should proceed from reality and adapt to local conditions.

　　Many provinces and institutions are downsizing and no longer undertake administrative functions.

　　In addition to party and government organizations, institutions that undertake administrative functions are also among the reforms.

　　The reporter of China Economic Weekly found that in terms of institutional setup, many provinces no longer retain or newly set up institutions that undertake administrative functions, and institutions have also ushered in new changes.

　　For example, the "Shandong Province Institutional Reform Plan" proposes that in the future, institutions will no longer undertake administrative functions except administrative law enforcement agencies; Deepen the reform of public welfare institutions, integrate institutions with similar responsibilities and tasks, and improve their service and technical support capabilities; Promote the separation of enterprises and enterprises.

　　The "Hainan Provincial Institutional Reform Plan" also puts forward new requirements for the reform of affiliated institutions, comprehensively cleans up the administrative functions undertaken by provincial institutions and assigns administrative functions to competent departments or administrative institutions with similar functions; Non-transfer institutions that can transfer their functions really need to be strictly controlled by the internal organs of the administrative department; In principle, other types of institutions only carry out necessary transfer, renaming and integration.

　　The "Institutional Reform Plan of Liaoning Province" proposes to comprehensively clean up the administrative functions undertaken by public institutions, assign administrative functions to relevant departments, and adjust the original institutions to public service institutions, and optimize and integrate with relevant institutions.

　　Sun Qingguo told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that the reform of public institutions in Liaoning Province, based on the principles of separating government affairs, enterprises and management, has consolidated the original 650 public institutions into 65, and cut down 90%. Not only provincial institutions, but also cities and counties are also integrated according to this ratio.

　　After the substantial integration, how to arrange personnel is a problem. Sun Qingguo told the reporter of China Economic Weekly about the measures taken by Liaoning Province. There were 60 people in the civil air defense office of a city, but only 12 people were left in the administrative department after the reform of public institutions. 48 people have left, how can these 12 people guarantee to run?

　　"Due to the consideration of institutional reform and the transformation of government functions, cities, counties and township organs have not recruited civil servants on a large scale in recent years, and cities, counties and township organs have vacated some establishments. They take out 60% to 80% (80% in cities and counties, 60% in towns and villages) of administrative vacancies, and recruit civil servants from qualified personnel in public institutions, and let them become civil servants through examinations. Not only solved ‘ There is nothing to do, and some people have nothing to do ’ The problem has also solved the problem that the reform in some organs has affected the empty editing and functional operation. " Sun Qingguo said that these people have to go through interviews, physical examinations and publicity after the written examination.

On April 18th, senior three students from No.55 Middle School in Tianjin resumed classes and began to review and sprint. Photo by Shen Yue/Bright Picture

In 2022, the college entrance examination enrollment is about to begin, and more than 10 million candidates are about to usher in a life test that belongs to them.

Compared with previous years, the college entrance examination has changed steadily this year.

The college entrance examination in Shanghai was postponed. The national college entrance examination in 2022 will be held from June 7th to 8th. However, due to the need of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19, the unified entrance examination for the autumn college entrance examination was postponed to July 7-9.

The enrollment plan has been adjusted. The enrollment scale of the "Strong Foundation Plan" continues to expand, adding three pilot universities, namely Northeastern University, Hunan University and Northwest A&F University, and continuing to increase the enrollment inclination for the central and western regions and rural areas, so as to promote the fairness of admission opportunities for higher education.

Enrollment majors have increased. In 2022, a total of 38 colleges and universities passed the examination and approval of new majors, adding 31 undergraduate majors, covering nine disciplines such as economics, law, education, engineering, agriculture and management. Among them, intelligent transportation engineering, intelligent marine technology, intelligent forestry and intelligent water conservancy were set up for the first time in universities across the country.

Comprehensive reform continued to advance. Three batches of new college entrance examination provinces have strengthened the coordination of reform, promoted the organic connection of all aspects of examination, teaching, evaluation and recruitment, further optimized the requirements of examination subjects and the multiple admission mode of "two bases and one reference" comprehensive evaluation, and improved the vocational college entrance examination system of "cultural quality+vocational skills".

The content of the exam continued to improve. The proposition is more flexible, strengthen the examination of students’ key ability and subject accomplishment, optimize the presentation of test questions, and guide to reduce rote memorization and "mechanical brushing" phenomenon.

What remains unchanged, however, is that the candidates study hard for the exam and face the challenge firmly … In the sprint stage before the exam, the reporter invited the famous teachers to give them a few more words to talk about the main points and precautions of the final review, so that the candidates can go into battle easily and take the exam calmly.

The dictation of famous sentences has entered the best review stage.

Chinese: Establishing the Consciousness of "Text is King"

Liu Buming, a special teacher in Shanxi Province:

In the final review sprint stage, candidates should conduct an inventory and self-test on Chinese knowledge, ability, accomplishment and their corresponding examination points, make a good list, make a comprehensive evaluation, and be aware of it. According to the immediacy of memory, dictation of famous sentences has entered the best review stage, so we should grasp the golden age and strengthen relevant training. The examination of Chinese ability ultimately comes down to the examination of reading and writing ability. In reading ability, perception and comprehension, analysis and synthesis, appreciation and evaluation are the most important. Although the types of texts vary widely, the ways to interpret texts are different, and the truth about language feelings is basically the same. It is necessary to master the regular things, understand the intention of the proposition, understand the interference, know the secret of scoring, clarify the relationship and function between the plot, environment, characters and theme of the novel, explore the artistic conception of prose and the combination of reality and fiction, and recognize the essence and key of language expression. Writing ability mainly includes observation, thinking and expression. No matter what style of writing and what writing topic you face, the basic requirements for topic examination, conception, materials, structure and expression are the same. It is advisable to preset types of ideas and optimize writing design.

In order to find the basis for the formation of the answers to some subjective questions, candidates must establish the consciousness of "text is king", that is, the maternal consciousness, return to the text, select and combine and refine, and form an ideal answer. To write short answer questions, you must have a sense of the main points, the main points are in the front, and then briefly describe them; The arrangement of the main points should be separated, arranged smoothly and fastened tightly. For multiple-choice questions with frequent misjudgments, we should complete our knowledge, adjust our thinking, form strategies and reduce mistakes.

Guarantee the score of basic questions

Mathematics: reducing difficult problems before exams.

Zhuang Ganling, Director of Mathematics Teaching and Research Section of high school attached to northeast normal university:

The score of objective questions in mathematics test paper is large, and a mistake in basic questions will have a great influence on the results. Correcting the questions is the key factor for the success of the exam. Therefore, first of all, we must ensure the score of basic questions. Do a good job of combing the context of knowledge and eliminate the blind spots of knowledge and methods. Some contents are relatively independent in the knowledge system of senior high school mathematics, and have little connection with other knowledge, so it will be difficult to answer questions because of unfamiliarity in the exam, such as complex numbers, formulas of table area and volume in solid geometry, etc., which should be paid special attention to and reviewed. Some concepts are easy to be confused, such as abstract expressions of compound functions, so we should return to the teaching materials, sort out the basic contents and understand them accurately.

Secondly, improve the ability to answer intermediate difficult questions. Repeated simulation training or special training is the main means to do this kind of problem well. If the content and method are familiar and the structure is clear, you can change from "can know" to "must know". For example, if the problem is based on the nature of function, it is required to master the corresponding relationship between symbols, characters and graphics, and to put forward the ability of symbol representation and relationship analysis. Therefore, candidates should do more targeted exercises, analyze problems from different angles, compare the characteristics of different methods, and determine the general method that suits them.

Finally, the solution to the problem. This kind of examination questions have higher requirements for the comprehensive ability to solve problems. Candidates should determine their problem-solving ability according to their usual test situation and face the review of such problems reasonably. Generally speaking, because the input-output ratio is not high, it is easy to shake confidence if you don’t do it well. It is recommended that the general candidates reduce the practice of such problems before the exam.

Take most basic and intermediate questions slowly and steadily.

English: Reorganization of Main Grammatical Contents

Liuli, a foreign language teacher in the Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University:

The English test questions in NMET pay great attention to the basics and attach importance to the examination of language foundation, core knowledge and basic skills. Therefore, before the exam, the focus of review should return to the core knowledge of the subject, and most of the basic and intermediate questions should be steadily scored. In terms of vocabulary, we can review the glossary in the appendix of Curriculum Standard, ensure a good understanding of the main vocabulary, and memorize the verb past tense and past participle in the irregular verb list again. Grammar, we can use mind map to reorganize the main grammatical content, such as verb tense voice, non-predicate, three major clauses and other knowledge frames, to ensure that we are clear about the core system and key knowledge of grammar.

Through "redoing good questions" and "doing wrong questions again", we can not only check and fill gaps in knowledge points, but also reflect on the knowledge, strategies and methods used in the process of doing problems, and add similar exercises as consolidation to plug the "loopholes" in knowledge and ability. At the same time, in view of the comprehensive and applied characteristics of the college entrance examination questions, it is necessary to summarize the key questions and the content of the common examination, and strive to form a systematic knowledge framework and answering ideas.

Composition review, on the one hand, should sort out the outline ideas of practical articles such as social letters, summarize common topics and related expressions to form structured knowledge, on the other hand, it should summarize and correct recent language errors, sort out good words and sentences, common phrases and sentence patterns and practice them to increase the accuracy and richness of the language.

On the basis of guaranteeing 40~60 minutes of study time every day, candidates can complete a set of real or simulated questions every few days before the exam according to the time of the college entrance examination, so as to establish a routine for doing questions and form a standard for answering questions, and help them enter the examination mode.

Combined with recent hot spots, summarize micro-topics.

History: The most important principle is to respect materials.

Yu Ning, Senior Teacher of Nankai Middle School:

The historical proposition of college entrance examination highlights two starting points: one is the realistic thinking of historical issues, and the other is the historical reflection of realistic issues. Therefore, combining recent hot topics and summarizing micro-topics can not only review the basic knowledge quickly and systematically in a short time, but also combine practical problems with historical development, grasp the historical context and achieve twice the result with half the effort. For example, the new crown pneumonia epidemic, candidates should review in the form of micro-topics such as "medical and public health" and "grass-roots governance and social security". When reviewing, the proper noun of every main knowledge is the key word when answering questions. When answering material analysis questions or essay questions, the key words should be clearly displayed.

Contextualization has become the mainstream trend of the college entrance examination proposition, but it is always the same. When candidates encounter new situations and new problems, they can calm down and find the connection point between them and the knowledge they have learned, and then they can solve them easily. The new situational materials may be inconsistent with the textbook knowledge. When making multiple-choice questions in history, the most important principle is to respect the materials. If you leave the material and choose according to your own cognition, it will violate the basic principle of material multiple-choice judgment. Therefore, it is an important condition to look at the materials objectively and avoid subjective judgment.

In addition, in the final sprint stage, maintaining a certain amount of practice every day can keep candidates familiar with answering skills without being unfamiliar.

Summing up the knowledge framework by using mind map

Politics: Understand the political highlights of the past year.

High school affiliated to renmin university of china teacher Shi Wentao:

The new textbooks compiled by the ideological and political discipline include four compulsory textbooks and three elective textbooks. Ideological politics includes external politics and internal thoughts. The former includes China’s domestic governance and participation in international governance, while the latter includes ideological theory and philosophical culture. What is the knowledge framework of the above two parts and four aspects? What is the internal connection? Being able to use mind map to sum up the above contents, the basic knowledge will be very solid.

The college entrance examination questions in recent five years are still the most valuable review materials. In the final sprint stage, students can finish the real questions in previous years again. Suggestions are mainly carried out from two aspects: first, combined with their common omissions and weak links, they should reflect and strengthen, and focus on consolidating the knowledge points that have been missed many times; Secondly, analyze the problem-solving ideas of real questions and the logic of reference answers, infer the relationship between knowledge from the starting point of setting questions, and construct a mind map.

In addition, it is suggested that the college entrance examination students should know something about the current political news in the past year, such as the important meeting points, the No.1 document of the Central Committee and so on. Starting from these information materials related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, we should think about the main knowledge related to them. It should be noted that during the 90-minute examination time, there is the possibility that some factors may affect improvisation. Therefore, students should make a good response plan for "emergency". Among the political test questions, the analysis and discussion questions account for a high proportion. In the sprint stage before the exam, it is recommended to complete the training and psychological preparation for answering 2 ~ 3 essay questions within 15 minutes to avoid losing a lot of points due to panic on the spot.

Avoid falling into the "sea of questions"

Geography: Pay attention to reviewing "Dao" and "Shu"

Wang Taoyong, Head of Geography Teaching and Research Department of High School Attached to Shandong University:

By deepening the understanding of the curriculum standards of geography, we can realize the "Tao" of geography required by the evaluation system of college entrance examination; Implement the "technique" of geography review through specific ways and means. In this process, the best review effect can be obtained by organically unifying "Tao" and "technique" in geography.

Let’s talk about the "Tao" of geography review before the exam. "Geography Curriculum Standard" is the basis of the college entrance examination proposition. Candidates should focus on it before the exam and accurately grasp the review content and requirements. The evaluation system of college entrance examination requires that the key abilities of geography examination include obtaining and interpreting geographical information, describing and explaining geographical things, and demonstrating and discussing geographical problems. Therefore, in the final sprint, candidates can only get twice the result with half the effort if they are trained around key abilities.

Let’s talk about the "technique" of geography review before the exam. First of all, study the real questions and error-prone questions of the college entrance examination. The examination questions of geography are based on real situations, covering a wide range of complex knowledge points. Candidates should avoid falling into the "sea of questions", and should seize the real questions of the college entrance examination to conduct research and review them effectively. At the same time, I will redo the wrong questions I have done before and review and consolidate my error-prone knowledge. The main knowledge of geography includes the basic concepts, basic principles and laws of geography. When reviewing before the exam, we should base ourselves on the basic and main contents, make clear and understand the basic concepts, principles and laws, and then focus on their migration and application, so as to "change with the constant".

It is very important to reread and familiarize the textbooks.

Physics: Pay attention to the review of experimental questions

Liu Haili, Head of Physics Teaching and Research Group of Science and Technology Middle School affiliated to Xiamen University:

The basic concepts and laws of physics have a gradual deepening process. For example, the concept of energy runs through three years of high school study. By rereading and familiarizing with the textbooks, we can understand the vivid and rich ideas of physics and integrate the concepts and laws of physics from a holistic perspective.

Returning to the basic questions, we should be able to grasp the key words and extract the chart information for each exercise, and find out the physical laws involved in the given physical situation, the relevant physical States, the causes and conditions of the physical process, etc.

Pay attention to experimental review and understand the process of forming experimental conclusions. Judging from the practice of the national physics college entrance examination every year, the scoring rate of experimental questions is generally not ideal. For every experiment, we should pay attention to understanding and being familiar with the idea, principle, operation method, key points of data recording and processing, and analysis of experimental error sources.

Insist on daily simulation training, find out the points of losing points, understand them in time and summarize them. Pay attention to standardized problem solving, such as filling in the blanks, the significant digits in experimental questions, and the standardized writing of basic formulas in calculation questions. In view of the questions that are easy to lose points, do more limited training. Record the time taken to solve each question, allocate the problem-solving time reasonably, and strive to do everything you can.

"The topic is outside the book, and the reason is in the book."

Biology: Focus on the list of knowledge content

Zhang Xiangdong, Senior Teacher of Hefei No.1 Middle School:

The life system of college entrance examination questions focuses on evaluating candidates’ ability to solve real situation problems, but the answer to analyzing and solving situations must be in the textbook, that is, "the questions are outside the book and the reasons are in the book". Candidates should describe the biological concepts and summarize the physiological process by recalling the list of knowledge in the Examination Instructions, combined with teaching materials and notes. Or use the form of concept map to sort out the context of knowledge and build a knowledge system.

In the sprint stage, it is difficult to review the questions, and it is very important to complete the appropriate college entrance examination questions on time. Through the real exercise, it is helpful for candidates to improve the time allocation of the comprehensive examination; It is helpful to summarize the propositional rules of compulsory test sites, high-frequency test sites and the examination forms of test sites from the real questions of college entrance examination, which is conducive to being targeted when reviewing.

Special attention should be paid to the induction and summary of logical reasoning methods, biological related principles and cause analysis in the application of genetic laws, so as to improve the ability to explain and solve practical problems related to biology with biological knowledge and principles, and to make reasonable judgments and draw correct conclusions.

The examination of experiment and inquiry ability is one of the key points in the college entrance examination. Candidates should be familiar with the experimental principles, steps, results, conclusions, experimental materials and reagents required in the Examination Outline. Pay attention to the experimental ideas and methods contained in some classical experiments of biology, and apply them flexibly. Asking to write experimental ideas is a common question type in the curriculum standard papers in recent years, and the score is also high. Candidates should break through this question from the aspects of correct selection of experimental materials, setting principles of independent variables and detection methods of dependent variables.

Go over the basics again.

Chemistry: enhancing the understanding of the nature of the subject

Ye Hailing, Head of Chemistry Teaching and Research Department of Beilun Middle School, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province:

Chemistry is a subject that studies the composition, structure, properties, transformation and application of substances at the atomic and molecular levels. It requires us to establish concepts such as element view, particle view, change view and balance view, and be able to understand macroscopic properties from a microscopic perspective and regulate reactions by changing conditions. These ideas will be reflected in the test questions, so understanding the nature of chemistry is a magic weapon to deal with the college entrance examination.

First, comb the basic knowledge again before the exam. The understanding of knowledge in teaching materials is not superficial, but can be sorted out with material structure as the starting point, reaction condition control as the means and practical application as the purpose, and the relationship between knowledge points can be correctly grasped, so that knowledge analysis questions can be accurately called in the examination room.

Secondly, reviewing the wrong questions can effectively improve the quality of review. When reviewing the wrong questions, do you attribute them to inaccurate reading or knowledge loopholes, or inaccurate understanding of concepts and principles? In this process, candidates will find that the knowledge and ability of examination questions are closely related to the characteristics and concepts of chemistry.

Finally, review the exam questions and temper the test-taking ability. In the last few days, candidates can re-examine the real questions of the college entrance examination in recent years and study them again from the perspective of the life system of test questions, focusing on how to examine the basic knowledge in the test questions, which thinking links are often supplemented, how to control the reaction conditions, and so on. Candidates should look at the college entrance examination questions from the perspective of answering questions, focusing on the perspective of analyzing questions, the starting point and main points of answering questions, and considering how to achieve standardized expression and accurate language.

(Reporter Jin Haotian Academic Support: Wan Yuan, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Higher Education, East China University of Political Science and Law)